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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-K

 

☑	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016

or

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number 1-1373

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code (262) 636‑1200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐    No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐    No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☑    No ☐

 

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Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S‑K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10‑K or any amendment to this Form 10‑K.  ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes ☐    No ☑

Approximately 96 percent of the outstanding shares are held by non-affiliates.  The aggregate market value of these shares was approximately $365 million based upon the market price of $7.87 per share on September 30, 2015, the last day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter.  Shares of common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each person known to beneficially own more than 10 percent of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates.  The determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock, $0.625 par value, was 47,426,529 at May 23, 2016.

An Exhibit Index appears at pages 75-77 herein.

Portions of the following documents are incorporated by reference into the parts of this Form 10‑K designated to the right of the document listed.

 

MODINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

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ITEM 1.

BUSINESS.

Modine Manufacturing Company specializes in providing innovative thermal management solutions.  We are a leading provider of engineered heat transfer systems and high-quality heat transfer components for use in on-highway and off-highway original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) vehicular applications, and for sale into a wide array of building, industrial and refrigeration markets.  Our products include radiators and radiator cores, condensers, oil coolers, charge air coolers, heat-transfer modules and assemblies, exhaust gas recirculation (“EGR”) coolers, building heating, ventilating and air conditioning (“HVAC”) equipment, and coils.  Our primary customers across the globe are:

- Automobile, truck, bus, and specialty vehicle OEMs;

- Agricultural, industrial and construction equipment OEMs;

- Heating, ventilation and cooling OEMs;

- Construction architects and contractors; and

- Wholesalers of heating equipment.

We focus our development efforts on solutions that meet the ever-increasing heat transfer needs of OEMs and other customers within the automobile, commercial vehicle, construction, agricultural, industrial and commercial HVAC industries.  Our products and systems typically are aimed at solving complex heat transfer challenges requiring effective thermal management.  Typical customer and market demands include products and systems that are lighter weight, more compact, more efficient and more durable to meet customer standards as they work to ensure compliance with increasingly stringent global emissions, fuel economy and energy efficiency requirements.  Our heritage provides a depth and breadth of expertise in thermal management, which, when combined with our global manufacturing presence, standardized processes, and state-of-the-art technical resources, enables us to rapidly bring highly valued, customized solutions to our customers.

History

Modine was incorporated under the laws of the State of Wisconsin on June 23, 1916 by its founder, Arthur B. Modine.  Mr. Modine’s “Turbotube” radiators became standard equipment on the famous Ford Motor Company Model T.  When he died at the age of 95, A.B. Modine had personally been granted more than 120 U.S. patents for his heat transfer innovations.  On the cusp of our 100th year in business, the standard of innovation exemplified by A.B. Modine remains the cornerstone of Modine today.

Terms and Year References

When we use the terms “Modine,” “we,” “us,” the “Company,” or “our” in this report, unless the context otherwise requires, we are referring to Modine Manufacturing Company.  Our fiscal year ends on March 31 and, accordingly, all references to a particular year mean the fiscal year ended March 31 of that year, unless indicated otherwise.

Business Strategy and Results

We focus on thermal management leadership and highly engineered product and service innovations for diversified, global markets and customers.  We create value by focusing on customer partnerships and providing innovative solutions for our customers' thermal management challenges using cost-effective designs and material technology.

                                          

During fiscal 2016, we launched our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow strategic transformation in order to position our business for long-term success. We aim to strengthen our business by, among other things, i) right-sizing our cost structure and ii) implementing a more global, product-based organization to capture synergies across our core business, effectively meet the needs of our global customers, and improve our speed to market. In addition, we aim to diversify through expanding our non-vehicular businesses, and grow through both organic and inorganic opportunities.

                                             

Our top five customers are in three different markets – automotive, commercial vehicle, and off-highway – and our ten largest customers accounted for 63 percent of both our fiscal 2016 and 2015 sales.  In fiscal 2016, 63 percent of our total sales were generated from customers outside of the U.S., with 54 percent of total sales generated by foreign operations and 9 percent generated by exports from the U.S.  In fiscal 2015, 64 percent of our total sales were generated from customers outside of the U.S., with 55 percent of total sales generated by foreign operations and 9 percent generated by exports from the U.S.  In fiscal 2014, 66 percent of our total sales were generated from customers outside of the U.S., with 56 percent of total sales generated by foreign operations and 10 percent generated by exports from the U.S.

 

During fiscal 2016, our consolidated sales were $1.35 billion, a 10 percent decrease from $1.50 billion in fiscal 2015.  The decrease from fiscal 2015 was primarily due to a $110 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes associated with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar and lower sales volume to off-highway customers due to market weakness.  During fiscal 2016, we completed a voluntary lump-sum payout program offered to certain eligible former employees participating in our U.S. pension plans.  See Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.  As a result of lump-sum payouts during fiscal 2016, we recorded $42 million of non-cash pension settlement losses to costs of sales ($9 million) and selling, general, and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses ($33 million).  Gross profit decreased $23 million to $224 million in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to the pension settlement losses and an unfavorable impact from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.  SG&A expenses increased to $205 million in fiscal 2016, compared with $184 million in fiscal 2015, primarily due to the pension settlement losses.

In an effort to optimize our cost structure and improve efficiency of our operations, we have engaged in various restructuring activities in recent years, including in fiscal 2016, in support of our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow strategic platform.  As a result, we recorded $17 million of restructuring expenses during fiscal 2016.  In addition, we recorded a $10 million asset impairment charge related to a manufacturing facility in Germany.  See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Also during fiscal 2016, we recorded a $10 million gain within other income related to an insurance settlement for equipment losses resulting from a fire at a manufacturing facility in the U.K.  See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Our operating loss was $8 million in fiscal 2016, which compares to operating income of $53 million in the prior year.  This decline in earnings was primarily due to $42 million of pension settlement losses, higher restructuring expenses, and an unfavorable impact from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

A key metric by which we measure our performance is return on average capital employed (“ROACE”).  We define ROACE as operating income, less restructuring expenses, impairment charges, certain other adjustments, income tax at a 30 percent rate, and earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest; divided by the average of debt plus Modine shareholders’ equity.  We have established a long-term goal of achieving ROACE of 15 percent.  Our ROACE improved 60 basis points in fiscal 2016 to 8.4 percent compared with 7.8 percent in fiscal 2015.  The increase in ROACE in fiscal 2016 primarily resulted from a decrease in the shareholders’ equity component of capital employed.  This decrease in shareholders’ equity was primarily attributable to $68 million of foreign currency translation losses, most of which occurred in late fiscal 2015.

 

ROACE is not a measure derived under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and should not be considered as a substitute for any measure derived in accordance with GAAP.  We believe that ROACE provides investors with helpful information about our performance, our ability to provide an acceptable return on capital, and our ability to fund future growth.  This measure may not be comparable with similar measures presented by other companies.  The following schedule provides a reconciliation of ROACE to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP:

 

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(a)

In fiscal 2016, other adjustments primarily consisted of environmental charges related to a previously-owned manufacturing facility.  In fiscal 2015, other adjustments consisted of a $3 million charge associated with a legal matter in Brazil and a $3 million gain on the sale of a wind tunnel in Germany.

(b)

Average capital employed represents the sum of capital employed for the five most recent quarter-end dates, divided by five.

Markets

We sell products to multiple end markets.  The following is a summary of our primary end markets, categorized as a percentage of our net sales:

Competitive Position

We compete with many manufacturers of heat transfer and HVAC products, some of which are divisions of larger companies.  The markets for our products continue to be very dynamic.  Our traditional OEM customers are faced with dramatically increased international competition and have expanded their global manufacturing footprints to compete in local markets.  In addition, consolidation within the supply base and vertical integration have introduced new or restructured competitors to our markets.  Some of these market changes have caused us to experience competition from suppliers in other parts of the world that enjoy economic advantages such as lower labor costs, lower healthcare costs, and lower tax rates.  As a result, we have expanded and continue to expand our geographic footprint, in part to provide more flexibility to serve our customers around the globe.  Our customers also continue to ask us, as well as their other primary suppliers, to provide research and development (“R&D”), design, and validation support for new potential projects.  This combined work effort often results in stronger customer relationships and more partnership opportunities for us.  It can also introduce risk, to the extent that these requests may require the reallocation of resources at times when actual business awards are pending.

 

Business Segments

We have assigned specific operations to segments based principally on defined markets and geographic locations.  Each operating segment is managed by a vice president and has separate financial results reviewed by our chief operating decision maker.  These results are used by management in evaluating the performance of each business segment and in making decisions on the allocation of resources among our various businesses.  During fiscal 2016, we combined our North America and South America segments into the Americas segment to streamline operations, gain synergies and improve our cost structure.  There was no impact to our consolidated financial statements as a result.  Financial information related to our operating segments is included in Note 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Americas, Europe, and Asia Segments

The continued globalization of our OEM customer base requires us to manage our strategic approach, product offerings and the competitive environment on a global basis.  This trend offers significant opportunities for us with our market positioning, including our presence in key global markets (U.S., Europe, Brazil, China, India, South Korea, Japan, and Mexico) and a global product-based organization with the expertise to solve technical challenges.  We are recognized for having strong technical support, product breadth, and the ability to support global standard designs for our customers.

Each of our main vehicular competitors, AKG Group, BorgWarner, Dana Corporation, Delphi Corporation, Denso Corporation, Mahle Behr, Tata Toyo, TitanX, T. Rad Co. Ltd., Valeo SA, Visteon Corporation, and Zhejiang Yinlun Machinery Co. Ltd., have a multi-regional or worldwide presence.  Increasingly, we face heightened competition as these competitors expand their product offerings and manufacturing footprints through expansion into low-cost countries or low-cost sourcing initiatives.  In addition, competitors from some low-cost regions are beginning to expand into new geographic OEM markets.

Market Overview – During fiscal 2016, the North America commercial vehicle market remained relatively flat compared with the prior year.  We expect this market will weaken in fiscal 2017, particularly the market for heavy-duty trucks.  Slow economic growth conditions and soft freight fundamentals suggest uneven demand in fiscal 2017; this, coupled with an expectation of continued governmental focus on emissions reductions and fuel efficiency improvements, is causing uncertainty for truck fleets.  In South America, the commercial vehicle market has experienced significant volume declines in the past two fiscal years, and we expect this market to remain depressed in fiscal 2017.  In Europe, the commercial vehicle market experienced moderate growth in fiscal 2016, and we expect this trend to continue in fiscal 2017.  In Asia, we anticipate continued market growth during fiscal 2017.

Other trends influencing the commercial vehicle market include a call by global commercial vehicle manufacturers to standardize U.S., Canadian, and Eurozone emission regulations.  Global standardization would likely lead to further consolidation of our customer base and competitors, as they leverage higher volumes, consolidate development costs, and rationalize distribution channels.  Additionally, truck manufacturers are evaluating alternative powertrains and fuels, electrification, waste heat recovery, and other technologies aimed to improve vehicle efficiency, all of which could present opportunities for us.

 

OEMs continue to expect greater supplier support and seek new technology solutions at lower prices for their thermal management needs.  In general, this creates a challenge to us and the entire supply base, but also provides an opportunity for suppliers, like Modine, who develop innovative solutions at a competitive cost.  Global standardization, fuel economy, and emissions regulations are driving the advancement of product development worldwide and are creating demand for incremental improvements to thermal transfer products that we are well positioned to support.

Products – Powertrain cooling (engine cooling modules, radiators, charge air coolers, condensers, oil coolers, fan shrouds, and surge tanks); on-engine cooling (EGR coolers, engine oil coolers, fuel coolers, charge air coolers and intake air coolers); and auxiliary coolers (transmission and retarder oil coolers and power steering coolers).

Customers – Commercial, medium- and heavy-duty truck and engine manufacturers; bus and specialty vehicle manufacturers.

Primary Competitors – Mahle Behr; TitanX; T. Rad Co. Ltd.; BorgWarner; and Tata Toyo.

Market Overview – The global automotive market improved in most regions during fiscal 2016.  We expect this trend to continue in fiscal 2017, supported by favorable oil prices and monetary policies.  The automotive market is gradually beginning to move away from traditional internal combustion engines towards alternative powertrains, such as electric, hybrid, and fuel cell.  This shift is expected to increase the thermal management requirements for these vehicles, and we are capitalizing on this trend by applying our base heat transfer components to new applications.  We expect our global automotive market production to increase in fiscal 2017, with modest market improvements in North America and Europe and stronger improvement in Asia.

Products – Powertrain cooling (engine cooling assemblies, radiators, condensers and charge air coolers); auxiliary cooling (power steering coolers and transmission oil coolers); component assemblies; radiators for special applications; on-engine cooling (EGR coolers, engine oil coolers, fuel coolers, charge air coolers and intake air coolers); and battery cooling (layered core battery chillers).

Customers – Automobile, light truck, and power sports vehicle and engine manufacturers.

Primary Competitors – Mahle Behr; Dana Corporation; Delphi Corporation; Denso Corporation; Visteon Corporation; BorgWarner; and Valeo SA.

Market Overview – Many global off-highway markets declined during fiscal 2016.  The construction market was mixed in fiscal 2016, as some regions began to show signs of improvement during the year while others remained depressed.  The U.S. agricultural market remains under pressure from low commodity prices and associated demand, a trend that we expect to continue in fiscal 2017.  We expect this market will continue to be negatively impacted by higher used equipment inventories, which could suppress new equipment sales, and the uncertain interest rate environment.  The mining equipment markets are showing little signs of improving in fiscal 2017, especially in the U.S.  Many mining equipment buyers continued to cut capital investment plans in fiscal 2016, as the market progressed through a multiple-year cycle of demand declines.  The European construction and agricultural equipment markets experienced modest improvement in fiscal 2016 as Eurozone economic conditions slowly improved, aided by monetary stimulus efforts.  We expect these markets will be flat or slightly down in fiscal 2017.  In South America, we anticipate continued declines in the agricultural market in fiscal 2017.  In Asia, we expect the China and Korea excavator markets to stabilize, as these markets have progressed through a multiple-year cycle of declining demand since the construction peak in fiscal 2011.

Products – Powertrain cooling (engine cooling modules, radiators, condensers, charge air coolers, fuel coolers and oil coolers); auxiliary coolers (power steering coolers and transmission oil coolers); and on-engine cooling (EGR coolers, engine oil coolers, fuel coolers, charge air coolers and intake air coolers).

Customers – Construction, agricultural, and mining equipment and engine manufacturers, and industrial manufacturers of material handling equipment, generator sets and compressors.

Primary Competitors – Adams Thermal Systems Inc.; AKG Group; Denso Corporation; Zhejiang Yinlun Machinery Co., Ltd.; ThermaSys Corp.; Doowon; Donghwan; T. Rad Co. Ltd.; Mahle Industrial Thermal Systems; KALE OTO RADYATÖR; and RAAL.

 

Building HVAC Segment

Market Overview – After two consecutive years of strong growth, the North America heating market contracted slightly in fiscal 2016, primarily due to warmer-than-normal winter temperatures.  We expect modest improvement in the North America heating market in fiscal 2017.  We anticipate market demand for our data center cooling, ventilation, and geothermal heat pump products to increase in fiscal 2017.  We expect continued growth in demand for data and connected devices, coupled with increasing requirements for energy-efficient and green solutions, will continue to drive increased demand for our data center cooling products and, in particular, our high-density and free-cooling solutions.  Likewise, we expect improvement in construction markets and energy efficiency legislation to drive increased demand for our ventilation and geothermal products.

Products – Unit heaters (gas-fired, hydronic, electric and oil-fired); duct furnaces (indoor and outdoor); infrared units (high- and low-intensity); hydronic products (commercial fin-tube radiation, cabinet unit heaters, and convectors); roof-mounted direct- and indirect-fired makeup air units; commercial packaged rooftop ventilation units; unit ventilators; single packaged vertical units; geothermal and water-source heat pumps; precision air conditioning units for data center applications; air-handling units; chillers; ceiling cassettes; and condensing units.

Customers – Mechanical contractors; HVAC wholesalers; installers; and end users in a variety of commercial and industrial applications, including banking and finance, data center management, education, hospitality, telecommunications, entertainment arenas, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, warehousing, manufacturing, and food and beverage processing.

Primary Competitors – Lennox International Inc. (ADP); CES (Reznor); Mestek Inc. (Sterling); Emerson Electric Company (Liebert); Stulz; Schneider Electric (APC / Uniflair); Johnson Controls, Inc. (York); Daikin (McQuay International); System Air (ChangeAir); Bard Manufacturing; and Aaon, Inc.

Geographical Areas

We maintain administrative organizations in four geographical regions – North America, South America, Europe, and Asia – to facilitate customer support, development and testing, and other administrative functions.  We operate in the following countries:

Our non-U.S. subsidiaries and affiliates manufacture and sell a number of vehicular, building HVAC, and industrial products similar to those produced in the U.S.  In addition to normal business risks, operations outside the U.S. are subject to other risks such as changing political, economic and social environments, changing governmental laws, taxes and regulations, foreign currency volatility, and market fluctuations.

Exports

Export sales from the U.S. to foreign countries as a percentage of net sales were 9 percent in both fiscal 2016 and 2015 and 10 percent in fiscal 2014.

We believe our international presence has positioned us to share profitably in the anticipated long-term growth of the global vehicular, commercial, industrial, and building HVAC markets.  We are committed to increasing our involvement and investment in international markets in the years ahead.

 

Foreign and Domestic Operations

Financial information relating to our foreign and domestic operations is included in Note 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Customer Dependence

Our ten largest customers, certain of which are conglomerates, accounted for 63 percent of our sales in fiscal 2016.  These customers, listed alphabetically, were: BMW; Caterpillar; Daimler AG (including Daimler Trucks, Mercedes- Benz, Mitsubishi Fuso Trucks, Thomas Buses and Western Star Trucks); Deere & Company; Denso Corporation; FCA Italy S.p.A. (including Chrysler, CNH, Fiat, Iveco, and VM Motori); Ford Motor Co.; Navistar; Volkswagen AG (including Audi, MAN, Porsche, and Scania); and Volvo.  In both fiscal 2016 and 2015, Daimler AG and Volkswagen AG each accounted for 10 percent or more of our sales.  In fiscal 2014, Daimler AG was the only customer that accounted for 10 percent or more of our sales.  Generally, we supply products to our customers on the basis of individual purchase orders received from them.  When it is in the mutual interest of Modine and our customers, we utilize long-term sales agreements to minimize investment risks and provide the customer with a proven source of competitively-priced products.  These contracts are typically three to five years in duration and may include provisions that adjust sales prices in the future.

Backlog of Orders

Our operating segments maintain their own inventories and production schedules.  We believe that our current production capacity is capable of handling the sales volume expected in fiscal 2017 and beyond.

Raw Materials

We purchase aluminum, nickel and steel from several domestic and foreign suppliers.  In general, we do not rely on any one supplier for these materials, which are, for the most part, available from numerous sources in quantities required by us.  The supply of copper and brass material is highly concentrated between two global suppliers.  We normally do not experience material shortages and believe that our suppliers’ production of these metals will be adequate throughout the next fiscal year.  We typically adjust metals pricing with our raw material and major fabricated component suppliers on a quarterly basis.  When possible, we have made material pass-through arrangements with key customers, which allow us to pass material cost increases and decreases to our customers.  When utilized, however, these pass-through arrangements are typically limited to the underlying cost of the material based upon the London Metal Exchange, and do not include related premiums or fabrication costs.  In addition, there can often be a three-month to one-year lag between the time of the material price increase or decrease and the time that we adjust the price with our customer.

Patents

We own or license numerous patents related to our products and operations.  These patents and licenses have been obtained over a period of years and expire at various times.  Because we have many product lines, we believe that our business as a whole is not materially dependent upon any particular patent or license, or any particular group of patents or licenses. We consider each of our patents, trademarks and licenses to be of value and aggressively defend our rights throughout the world against infringement. We have been granted and/or acquired more than 2,200 patents worldwide over the life of our company.

Research and Development

We remain committed to our vision of creating value through technology and innovation.  We focus our engineering and R&D efforts on solutions that meet challenging heat transfer needs of OEMs and other customers within the commercial vehicle, automotive, construction, agricultural, industrial, and building HVAC markets.  Our products and systems are typically aimed at solving difficult and complex heat transfer challenges requiring advanced thermal management.  Typical market demands are for products and systems that are lighter weight, more compact, more efficient and more durable to meet customer standards as customers work to ensure compliance with increasingly stringent global emissions and energy efficiency requirements.  Our heritage includes a depth and breadth of expertise in thermal management that, combined with our global manufacturing presence, standardized processes, and state-of-the-art technical resources, enables us to rapidly bring customized solutions to our customers.

 

R&D expenditures, including certain application engineering costs for specific customer solutions, totaled $61 million in fiscal 2016 and $62 million in both fiscal 2015 and 2014.  Over the last three years, R&D expenditures have been between 4 and 5 percent of sales.  This level of investment reflects our continued commitment to R&D in an ever-changing market.  To achieve efficiencies and lower development costs, our R&D groups work closely with our customers on special projects and system designs.  Projects include next generation aluminum radiators, charge air coolers and waste heat recovery systems for the automotive, commercial vehicle, agricultural and construction markets; and EGR technology, which enable our customers to efficiently meet tighter regulatory emission standards.  Most of our current R&D activities are focused on internal development in the areas of powertrain cooling, engine, building HVAC, and coils products.  We also collaborate with several industry, university, and government-sponsored research organizations that conduct research and provide data on technical topics of interest to us for practical applications in the markets we serve.  We continue to identify, evaluate and engage in external research projects that complement our strategic internal research initiatives in order to further leverage our significant thermal technology expertise and capability.

Quality Improvement

Through our global Quality Management System (“QMS”), our manufacturing facilities in our Americas, Europe and Asia segments are registered to ISO 9001:2008 or ISO/TS 16949:2009 standards, helping to ensure that our customers receive high quality products and services from every facility.  While customer expectations for performance, quality and service continue to rise, our QMS has allowed us to drive improvements in quality performance and has enabled the ongoing delivery of products, service and value that meet or exceed customer expectations.

The global QMS operates within the context of the Modine Operating System (“MOS”), which focuses on well-defined improvement principles and leadership behaviors to engage our teams in facilitating rapid improvements.  We drive sustainable and systematic continuous improvement throughout all functional areas and operating segments of the organization by utilizing the principles, processes and behaviors that are core to these systems.

Environmental, Health and Safety Matters

We are committed to preventing pollution, eliminating waste and reducing environmental risks.  Our facilities maintain Environmental Management System (“EMS”) certification to the international ISO14001 standard through independent third-party audits. All of our locations have established specific environmental improvement targets and objectives for the upcoming fiscal year.

In fiscal 2016, our carbon emissions, resulting from our on-site use of natural gas and propane and from our use of electricity generated by off-site sources, decreased 6 percent compared with the prior year, representing our lowest emissions level over the past five years. We will continue to identify and implement carbon reduction opportunities when feasible over the upcoming fiscal year.

During fiscal 2016, our water consumption was relatively flat compared with fiscal 2015.  Over the past five years, we have realized a cumulative 31 percent decrease in our water usage, using approximately 38 million fewer gallons in fiscal 2016 than in fiscal 2011.  As in previous years, we continue to systematically identify opportunities and implement measures to reduce waste and conserve natural resources within the EMS structure.

Manufacturing by-products consisting of solid wastes and volatile organic air emissions were relatively flat year-over-year. We are actively pursuing alternative manufacturing processes that use more environmentally-friendly materials.

Our commitment to environmental stewardship is reflected in our reporting of chemical releases, as monitored by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Chemical Release Inventory program. Our U.S. locations decreased their reported chemical releases by 98 percent over the 10-year period from 2004 to 2014. This long-term improvement is the result of manufacturing efficiencies and a transition to more environmentally-friendly manufacturing technologies and raw materials.

Our product portfolio reflects our sense of environmental responsibility.  We continue our development and refinement of environmentally-friendly product lines, including oil, fuel, and EGR coolers for diesel applications, light-weight and high-performance powertrain cooling heat exchangers, and our Advanced Cooling System technology. These products provide increased fuel economies and enable combustion technologies that reduce harmful gas emissions. Our Building HVAC product offerings, including the Airedale SchoolMate geothermal heat pump; the Effinity^TM, a condensing gas-fired unit heater with industry-leading efficiencies; and the Atherion^TM Commercial Packaged Ventilation System, are helping commercial, industrial and residential users achieve high energy efficiencies and reduce utility costs.  Our geothermal products feature innovative heat pump technologies, providing energy savings and reduced carbon emissions in both heating and cooling seasons.

 

Obligations for remedial activities may arise at our facilities due to past practices, or as a result of a property purchase or sale.  These expenditures most often relate to sites where past operations followed practices that were considered acceptable under then-existing regulations, but now require investigative and/or remedial work to ensure appropriate environmental protection, or where we are a successor to the obligations of prior owners and current laws and regulations require investigative and/or remedial work to ensure sufficient environmental compliance.  Two of our currently-owned manufacturing facilities and three formerly-owned properties have been identified as requiring soil and/or groundwater remediation.  Environmental liabilities for investigative work and remediation at sites in the United States, Brazil, and the Netherlands totaled $5 million at March 31, 2016.

We recorded a fiscal 2016 global Recordable Incident Rate (“RIR” as defined by OSHA) of 1.63, which was unchanged compared with our RIR in fiscal 2015.  Our long-term safety performance, as indicated by RIR, improved 20 percent over the past five years.  We have consistently out-performed the private-industry RIR average for the manufacturing sector, which, by comparison was 4.0 in 2014.

For our U.S. locations, annual workers’ compensation claims reported in fiscal 2016 decreased for the second consecutive year, representing a 70 percent improvement over the past five years. We attribute these lower claims to the continued strengthening of our safety culture.

Our behavior-based safety program is a proactive global effort under which we seek to correct at-risk behaviors, and positively reinforce safe behaviors. Building further on behavior-based safety, we introduced process stream safety to our Americas segment facilities this past fiscal year. This in-depth evaluation and correction of workplace conditions further engages employees to eliminate safety risks. Our focus on behavior-based safety and process stream safety are part of our long-term commitment to strengthen our safety culture.

Employees

We employed approximately 7,100 persons worldwide as of March 31, 2016.

Seasonal Nature of Business

Our overall operating performance is generally not subject to a significant degree of seasonality, as sales to OEM customers are dependent upon market demand for new vehicles.  However, our second fiscal quarter production schedules are typically impacted by customer summer shut downs and our third fiscal quarter is affected by holiday schedules.  Additionally, our Building HVAC segment experiences some seasonality as demand for HVAC products can be affected by heating and cooling seasons, weather patterns, construction, and other factors.  Generally, sales volume within the Building HVAC segment is stronger in our second and third fiscal quarters, corresponding with demand for heating products.

Working Capital

We manufacture products for the original equipment markets on an as-ordered basis, which makes large inventories of finished products unnecessary.  In our Building HVAC segment, we maintain varying levels of finished goods inventory due to seasonal demand and certain sales programs.  In these areas, we make use of extended payment terms, not to exceed 90 days, for our Building HVAC customers on a limited basis.  In Brazil, within our Americas segment, we maintain higher levels of aftermarket product inventory in order to timely meet customer needs in the Brazilian automotive and commercial vehicle aftermarkets.  We do not experience a significant number of returned products within any of our operating segments.

Available Information

Through our website, www.modine.com (Investors link), we make available, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, other Securities Exchange Act reports and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).  Our reports are also available free of charge on the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov.  Also available free of charge on our website are the following corporate governance documents:

 

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Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, which is applicable to all Modine directors and employees, including the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer, and the principal accounting officer;

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Corporate Governance Guidelines;

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Audit Committee Charter;

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Officer Nomination and Compensation Committee Charter;

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Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Charter; and

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Technology Committee Charter.

All of the reports and corporate governance documents referenced above and other materials relating to corporate governance may also be obtained without charge by contacting Corporate Secretary, Modine Manufacturing Company, 1500 DeKoven Avenue, Racine, Wisconsin 53403-2552.  We do not intend to incorporate our internet website and the information contained therein or incorporated therein into this annual report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS.

In the ordinary course of our business, we face various market, operational, strategic, and financial risks. These risks could have an impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our most significant risks are set forth below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) process seeks to identify and address significant risks.  We believe that risk-taking is an inherent aspect of operating a global business and, in particular, one focused on growth and cost-competitiveness.  Our goal is to proactively manage risks in a structured approach in conjunction with strategic planning, with the intent to preserve and enhance shareowner value.  However, the risks set forth below and elsewhere in this report, as well as other risks currently unknown or deemed immaterial at the date of this report, could adversely affect us and cause our results to vary materially from recent or anticipated future results.

A.	MARKET RISKS

Our OEM business, which currently accounts for approximately 81 percent of our net sales, is dependent upon the health of the customers and markets we serve.

We are highly susceptible to unfavorable trends in the markets we serve as our customers’ sales and production levels are affected by general economic conditions, including access to credit, the price of fuel and electricity, employment levels and trends, interest rates, labor relations issues, regulatory requirements, trade agreements and other market factors, as well as by customer-specific issues.  Any significant decline in production levels for current and future customers could result in asset impairment charges and a reduction in our sales, thereby adversely impacting our results of operations and financial condition.

Our OEM customers continually seek price reductions from us.  These price reductions adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We face continuous price-reduction pressure from our OEM customers.  Virtually all OEMs impose aggressive price-reduction initiatives upon their suppliers, and we expect such actions to continue in the future.  In response, we must reduce our operating costs in order to maintain profitability.  We have taken, and will continue to take, steps to reduce our operating costs to offset customer price reductions; however, price reductions adversely affect our profit margins and are expected to do so in the future.  If we are unable to avoid price reductions for our customers, or if we are unable to offset price reductions through improved operating efficiencies and manufacturing processes, sourcing alternatives, technology enhancements and other cost reduction initiatives, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

 

If we were to lose business with a major OEM customer, our net sales and profitability could be adversely affected.

Deterioration of a business relationship with a major OEM customer could cause our sales and profitability to suffer.  We principally compete for new business both during the initial development of new models and upon the redesign of existing models by our major customers.  New model development generally begins two to five years prior to marketing such models to the public.  The failure to obtain new business on new models or to retain or increase business on redesigned existing models could adversely affect our business and financial results.  In addition, as a result of the relatively long lead times required for many of our complex components, it may be difficult in the short-term for us to obtain new sales to replace any unexpected decline in the sales of existing products.  We may incur significant expense in preparing to meet anticipated customer requirements that may not be recovered.  The loss of a major OEM customer, the loss of business with respect to one or more of the vehicle models that use our products, or a significant decline in the production levels of such vehicles could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We could be adversely affected if we experience shortages of components or materials from our suppliers.

In an effort to manage and reduce our cost of purchased goods and services, we, like many suppliers and customers, have been consolidating our supply base.  As a result, we are dependent upon limited sources of supply for certain components used in the manufacture of our products.  We select our suppliers based on total value (including price, delivery and quality), taking into consideration their production capacities, financial condition and ability to meet our demand.  In some cases, it can take several months or longer to find a supplier due to qualification requirements.  However, strong demand, capacity limitations, financial instability, or other problems experienced by our suppliers could result in shortages or delays in their supply of product to us.  If we were to experience a significant or prolonged shortage of critical components or materials from any of our suppliers and could not procure the components or materials from other sources, we would be unable to meet our production schedules and miss product delivery dates, which would adversely affect our sales, results of operations and customer relationships.

Fluctuations in costs of materials (including aluminum, steel, copper, nickel, other raw materials and energy) could place significant pressure on our results of operations.

Increases in the costs of materials could have a significant effect on our results of operations and on those of others in our industry.  We have sought to alleviate this risk by including material pass-through provisions in our customer contracts when possible.  Under these arrangements, we can pass certain material cost increases and decreases to our customers.  However, where these pass-through arrangements are utilized, there can often be a three-month to one-year lag between the time of the material increase or decrease and the time of the pass-through.  To further mitigate our exposure, we have, from time to time, entered into forward contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted aluminum and copper purchases.  However, these hedges may only partially offset increases in material costs, and significant increases could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

The continual pressure to absorb costs adversely affects our profitability.

OEM customers often request that we pay for design, engineering and tooling costs that are incurred prior to the start of production and recover these costs through amortization in the piece price of the product.  Some of these costs cannot be capitalized, which adversely affects our profitability until the programs for which they have been incurred are launched.  If a given program is not launched, or is launched with significantly lower volumes than planned, we may not be able to recover the design, engineering and tooling costs from our customers, further adversely affecting our profitability.

We face strong competition.

The competitive environment continues to be dynamic as our traditional OEM customers, faced with intense international competition, have expanded their sourcing of components. As a result, we have experienced competition from suppliers in other parts of the world that enjoy economic advantages, such as lower labor costs, lower health care costs, lower tax rates, lower costs associated with legal compliance, and, in some cases, export or raw materials subsidies.  In addition, consolidation and vertical integration within the supply base have introduced new or restructured competitors to our markets.  Increased competition could adversely affect our business and our results of operations.

 

As a global company, we are subject to foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may affect our financial results.

Although our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our sales and operating costs are realized in foreign currencies, including the euro, British pound, Brazilian real and others.  Our sales and profitability are affected by movements of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies in which we generate sales and incur expenses.  To the extent that we are unable to match sales in foreign currencies with costs paid in the same currency, exchange rate fluctuations in any such currency could have an adverse effect on our financial results.  During times of a strengthening U.S. dollar, our reported sales and earnings from our international operations will be lower because the applicable local currency will be translated into fewer U.S. dollars.  In certain instances, currency rate fluctuations may create pricing pressure relative to competitors quoting in different currencies, which could result in our products becoming less competitive.  Significant long-term fluctuations in relative currency values, in particular a significant change in the relative values of the U.S. dollar, euro, British pound or Brazilian real, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

B.	OPERATIONAL RISKS

We may be unable to maintain competitive cost structures within our business.

As part of the “Strengthen” objective of our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow transformational strategy, we are transitioning to a more global, product-based organization.  We have engaged in restructuring activities in our Americas and Europe segments in efforts to optimize our manufacturing footprint and cost structure.  These restructuring activities include the consolidation of manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe, as well as targeted headcount reductions that will support our objective of reducing operational and SG&A cost structures.  In addition, we are focused on reducing costs for materials and services through targeted adjustments and negotiations with our supply base.  Our successful execution of these initiatives is critical to enable us to establish a cost environment that will increase and sustain our long-term competitiveness.

We are in the midst of launching a significant number of new programs at our facilities across the world.  The success of these launches is critical to our business.

We design technologically advanced products, and the processes required to produce these products can be difficult and complex.  We commit significant time and financial resources to ensure the successful launch of new products and programs.  Due to our high level of launch activity in each of our segments, we must appropriately manage these launches, and deploy our operational and administrative resources to take advantage of this increase in our business.  If we do not successfully launch the products and programs, we may lose market share or damage relationships with our customers, which could negatively affect our business.  In addition, any failure in our manufacturing strategy for these new products or programs could result in production inefficiencies or asset impairment charges.

We are subject to risks related to our international operations.

We have manufacturing and technical facilities located in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.  In fiscal 2016, 54 percent of our sales were from non-U.S. operations.  Consequently, our global operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including changes in monetary and fiscal policies, trade restrictions or prohibitions, import or other charges or taxes, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates, limitations on the repatriation of funds, changing economic conditions, unreliable intellectual property protection and legal systems, insufficient infrastructures, social unrest, political instability and disputes, incompatible business practices, and international terrorism.  In addition, compliance with multiple and often conflicting laws and regulations of various countries is burdensome and expensive.

 

If we cannot differentiate ourselves from our competitors with our technology, our existing and potential customers may seek lower prices and our sales and earnings may be adversely affected.

Price, quality, delivery, technological innovation, and application engineering development are the primary elements of competition in our markets.  If we fail to keep pace with technological changes and cannot differentiate ourselves from our competitors with our technology or to provide high quality products and services, we may experience price erosion, lower sales, and lower margins.  Significant technological developments by others also could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 

Developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights could adversely affect our business.

We own significant intellectual property, including a large number of patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets.  Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets we serve.  As we expand our operations in jurisdictions where the enforcement of intellectual property rights is less robust, the risk of others duplicating our proprietary technologies increases, despite our efforts to protect them.  Developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or breach of, our information technology systems.

Our operations are dependent upon our information technology systems, which encompass all of our major business functions.  A substantial disruption in our information technology systems for a prolonged time period, or a material breach of our information security, could result in delays in receiving inventory and supplies or filling customer orders, and/or the release of otherwise confidential information, adversely affecting our customer service and relationships as well as our reputation.  We recognize the volume of cyber attacks is increasing; therefore, we employ commercially practical efforts to avoid such attacks, regardless of source, and provide reasonable assurance that we can appropriately mitigate an attack, should it occur.  Each year, we evaluate our threat profile and our countermeasures in a continuing effort to maintain the integrity of our systems and data.  In addition, our systems might be damaged or interrupted by other natural or man-made events (caused by us, by our service providers or others).  Such delays, problems or costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We may incur material losses and costs as a result of warranty and product liability claims and litigation or other legal proceedings.

In the event our products fail to perform as expected, we are exposed to warranty and product liability claims and may be required to participate in a recall or other field campaign of such products.  Many of our OEM customers have extended warranty protection for their vehicles, putting pressure on the supply base to extend warranty coverage as well.  If our customers demand higher warranty-related cost recoveries, or if our products fail to perform as expected, it could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.  We are also involved in various legal proceedings from time to time incidental to our business.  If any such proceeding has a negative result, it could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 

We could be adversely impacted by the costs of environmental, health and safety regulations.

Our operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing, among other things, emissions to air, discharge to waters and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste and other materials.  The operation of our manufacturing facilities entails risks in these areas and there can be no assurance we will avoid material costs or liabilities relating to such matters.  Our financial responsibility to clean up contaminated property may extend to previously owned or used property, properties owned by unrelated companies, as well as properties we currently own and use, regardless of whether the contamination is attributable to prior owners.  In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving environmental, health and safety laws, regulations or other requirements that may be adopted or imposed in the future.

C.	STRATEGIC RISK

Inability to identify and execute on inorganic- and organic-growth opportunities may adversely impact our business and operating results.

As part of the “Grow” objective of our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow transformational strategy, we expect to aggressively pursue acquisitions in “industrial” markets and expand our market share in high-growth engine and powertrain cooling areas through focused research and development activities and commercial pursuits.  There can be no assurance we will be able to identify attractive acquisition targets and/or organic growth opportunities.  If we are unable to successfully complete such transactions in the future, our growth may be limited.  In addition, recent and future acquisitions will require integration of operations, sales and marketing, information technology, finance, and administrative functions.  If we are unable to successfully integrate acquisitions and operate these businesses profitably, we may not achieve the financial or operational success expected from the acquisitions.

D.	FINANCIAL RISKS

Market trends and regulatory requirements may require additional funding for our pension plans.

We have several defined benefit pension plans that cover most of our domestic employees hired on or before December 31, 2003.  Our funding policy for these plans is to contribute annually, at a minimum, the amount necessary on an actuarial basis to provide for benefits in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.  Our domestic plans have an unfunded balance of $90 million.  During fiscal 2017, we anticipate making funding contributions totaling approximately $8 million related to these domestic plans.  Funding requirements for our defined benefit plans are dependent upon, among other things, interest rates, underlying asset returns, mortality rate tables, and the impact of legislative or regulatory changes.  Should changes in actuarial assumptions or other factors result in the requirement of significant additional funding contributions, our liquidity position could be adversely affected.

We may be subject to additional income tax expense or exposure due to negative or unexpected tax consequences.

Unfavorable changes in the financial outlook of our operations in certain jurisdictions could lead to adverse changes in our valuation allowance assertions for our deferred tax assets.  Additionally, the subjectivity of or changes in tax laws and regulations in jurisdictions where we have significant operations could materially affect our results of operations.  We are subject to tax audits by governmental authorities in each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate.  Unfavorable or unexpected outcomes from one or more such tax audits could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.

 

ITEM 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2.

PROPERTIES.

We operate manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and multiple foreign countries.  Our world headquarters, including general offices and laboratory, experimental and tooling facilities, is located in Racine, Wisconsin.  We have additional technical support functions located in Bonlanden, Germany; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Leeds, United Kingdom; Changzhou, China; and Chennai, India.

The following table sets forth information regarding our principal properties as of March 31, 2016.  Properties with less than 20,000 square feet of building space have been omitted from this table.

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(a)

Our Leeds, United Kingdom facility suffered significant destruction as a result of a fire during fiscal 2014.  While the damaged facility was being rebuilt, we transferred operations to other temporarily-leased facilities in Leeds, United Kingdom, which are included in the table above.  These temporary leases expire in early fiscal 2017.  See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 

We consider our plants and equipment to be well maintained and suitable for their purposes. We review our manufacturing capacity periodically and make the determination as to our need to expand or, conversely, rationalize our facilities as necessary to meet changing market conditions and our needs.

ITEM 3.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

The information required hereunder is incorporated by reference from Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT.

The following sets forth the name, age (as of March 31, 2016), recent business experience and certain other information relative to each executive officer of the Company.

 

 

Executive Officer positions are designated in our Bylaws and the persons holding these positions are elected annually by the Board, generally at its first meeting after the annual meeting of shareholders in July of each year.  In addition, the Officer Nomination and Compensation Committee of the Board may recommend and the Board of Directors approves promotions and other actions with regard to executive officers at any time during the fiscal year.

There are no family relationships among the executive officers and directors.  All of the executive officers of Modine have been employed by us in various capacities during the last five years with the exception of Mr. Schwab, who joined Modine in July 2012.

There are no arrangements or understandings between any of the executive officers and any other person pursuant to which he or she was elected an officer of Modine.

 

ITEM 5.

MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.  Our trading symbol is MOD.  The table below shows the range of high and low closing sales prices for our common stock for fiscal 2016 and 2015.  As of March 31, 2016, shareholders of record numbered 2,828.

We did not pay dividends during fiscal 2016 or 2015.  Under our debt agreements, we are permitted to pay dividends on our common stock, subject to certain restrictions based on the calculation of debt covenants, as further described under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  We currently do not intend to pay dividends in fiscal 2017.

PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph compares the cumulative five-year total return on our common stock with similar returns on the Russell 2000 Index and the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) MidCap 400 Industrials Index.  The graph assumes a $100 investment and reinvestment of dividends.

 

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

During fiscal 2016, our Board of Directors approved a $50.0 million share repurchase program, which expires in November 2016. During fiscal 2016, we repurchased $6.9 million of shares under this program.  Our decision whether and to what extent to repurchase additional shares will depend on a number of factors, including business conditions, other cash priorities, and stock price.

The following describes our purchases of common stock during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016:

(a)

Consists of shares delivered back to the Company by employees and/or directors to satisfy tax withholding obligations that arise upon the vesting of stock awards.  The Company, pursuant to its equity compensation plans, gives participants the opportunity to turn back to the Company the number of shares from the award sufficient to satisfy the person’s tax withholding obligations that arise upon the termination of restrictions.  These shares are held as treasury shares.

 

ITEM 6.

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

The following data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this report.

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(a)

We adopted new deferred income tax accounting guidance for our fiscal year ended March 31, 2016.  The prior periods presented include the effects of our retrospective application of the guidance to conform to the current-period presentation.  As a result, total assets for the years ended March 31, 2012 through 2015 decreased $7.3 million, $2.7 million, $2.1 million, and $0.7 million, respectively.  See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on this new accounting guidance.

The following factors impact the comparability of the selected financial data presented above:

·

During fiscal 2016, we recorded $42.1 million of non-cash pension settlement losses.  See Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

·

During fiscal 2016, 2015, 2014, and 2013, we incurred $16.6 million, $4.7 million, $16.1 million and $17.0 million, respectively, of restructuring expenses.  See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

·

During fiscal 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012, we recorded impairment charges of $9.9 million, $7.8 million, $3.2 million, $25.9 million, and $2.5 million, respectively.  See Note 6 and Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

·

During fiscal 2016, we recorded a $9.5 million gain related to an insurance settlement for equipment losses.  See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

·

During fiscal 2016 and 2014, we reversed $3.0 million and $119.2 million, respectively, of deferred tax asset valuation allowances.  See Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

ITEM 7.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Overview

Founded in 1916, Modine Manufacturing Company is a worldwide leader in thermal management systems and components, bringing heating and cooling technology and solutions to diversified global markets.  We operate on five continents, in 16 countries, and employ approximately 7,100 persons worldwide.

Our products are used in light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, commercial heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”) equipment, refrigeration systems and off-highway and industrial equipment.  Our broad product offerings include radiators and radiator cores, condensers, oil coolers, charge air coolers, heat-transfer modules and assemblies, exhaust gas recirculation (“EGR”) coolers, building HVAC equipment, and coils.

 

Company Strategy

 

During fiscal 2016, we launched our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow strategic transformation in order to position our business for long-term success.  Our main objectives under this platform include:

 

·

Strengthen:  We will strengthen our business by right-sizing our cost structure by, among other things, implementing a more global, product-based organization.  We believe this new organization will allow us to capture synergies among our vehicular, Building HVAC, and coils businesses and improve our speed to market.  We aim to optimize our manufacturing footprint and drive cost reductions throughout our business, including reducing costs for materials and services through adjustments and negotiations with our supply base.

·

Diversify:  We will invest significant financial and human resources in our industrial businesses, which includes our Building HVAC segment and our coils business.  Our objective is to create a more balanced exposure to our end markets and decrease our customer concentration, while achieving better market recognition for these businesses.

·

Grow:  We are focused on aggressively pursuing acquisitions in industrial markets and expanding our market share in high-growth engine and powertrain cooling areas.

 

Our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow objectives are harmonized with, and designed to lead us toward, the following established Enduring Goals, which continue to guide our day-to-day actions:

 

·

Growth:  To grow our business and achieve a 10 percent average annual revenue growth rate;

·

Return on Capital:  To attain a 15 percent consolidated return on average capital employed (“ROACE”), which helps ensure selectiveness of growth opportunities and avoidance of low-margin or value-destroying business;

·

Diversification:  To build a more diversified business model in order to be less vulnerable to market cyclicality and commercial pressures; and

·

Fastest improving:  To become the fastest improving company in our industry by building on our culture of trust and continuous improvement.

Development of New Products and Technology

Our ability to develop new products and technologies based upon our building block strategy for new and emerging markets is one of our competitive strengths.  Under this strategy, we focus on creating core technologies that can form the basis for multiple products and product lines.  We own two global, state-of-the-art technology centers, dedicated to the development and testing of products and technologies.  The centers are located in Racine, Wisconsin and Bonlanden, Germany.  Our reputation for providing high quality products and technologies has been a Company strength valued by our customers.

We continue to benefit from relationships with customers that recognize the value of having us participate directly in product design, development and validation processes.  This has resulted, and we expect it to continue to result, in strong, long-term customer relationships with companies that value partnerships with their suppliers.

Strategic Planning and Corporate Development

We employ both short-term (one year) and longer-term (five-to-seven year) strategic planning processes, which enable us to continually assess our opportunities, competitive threats, and economic market challenges.

 

Operational and Financial Discipline

We operate in a dynamic, global marketplace; therefore, we manage our business with a disciplined focus on increasing productivity and reducing waste.  The competitiveness of the global marketplace requires us to move toward a greater manufacturing scale in order to create a more competitive cost base.  In order to optimize our cost structure and improve efficiency of our operations, we have engaged in restructuring activities in our Americas, Europe, and Building HVAC segments and at Corporate.  In addition, as costs for materials and purchased parts may rise from time to time due to increases in commodity markets, we seek low-cost country sourcing, when appropriate, and enter into contracts with some of our customers that provide for rising costs to be passed through to them on a lag basis.

 

We follow a rigorous financial process for investment and returns, intended to enable increased profitability and cash flows over the long term. We place particular emphasis on working capital improvement and prioritization of our capital investments.

 

 

To aid in management’s focus on guiding our long-term strategies, we pursue our Enduring Goals set forth earlier.  These long-term goals serve as a constant reminder to the management team when making strategic decisions as stewards of our company.

Segment Information – Strategy, Market Conditions and Trends

Each of our operating segments is managed by a vice president and has separate financial results reviewed by our chief operating decision maker.  These results are used by management to evaluate the performance of each segment and to make decisions on the allocation of resources.

Americas (43 percent of fiscal 2016 net sales)

Our Americas segment provides thermal management products to the commercial vehicle, off-highway, and automotive markets in North and South America.  Commercial vehicle markets served include Class 3-8 trucks, school and transit buses and other specialty vehicles.  Automotive markets served include automobiles, light trucks, and power sports (e.g. motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles).  Off-highway markets served include agricultural, construction, mining, and power generation equipment.  In addition, the Americas segment provides coils products to the commercial refrigeration, residential heating, commercial heating, and air conditioning markets and also serves Brazil’s automotive and commercial vehicle aftermarkets.

Sales volume in the Americas segment declined during fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year due to softening in certain end markets.  Market declines in the North America commercial vehicle and off-highway markets were partially offset by modest improvement in the automotive market, which remained relatively strong throughout fiscal 2016.  Market declines across Brazil’s OEM markets were accompanied by relatively flat aftermarket sales.  Our fiscal 2017 market outlook is mixed.  We expect the North America commercial vehicle market to continue to decline, especially for Class 8 trucks. We anticipate all other OEM markets in North America and Brazil to remain relatively flat in fiscal 2017.  We anticipate modest growth in Brazil aftermarket sales in fiscal 2017.  In general, we expect our markets will be constrained by slow global economic growth in the coming years.  We will, however, target higher-growth markets that we expect to benefit from rising efficiency standards, including the U.S. automotive and coils markets, which are influenced by fuel economy and building HVAC efficiency and air quality standards, respectively.

 

Our Americas segment will continue to focus on growth in the markets where its products and manufacturing footprint create a competitive advantage.  Our product strategy includes the use of standard “building blocks” to shorten development times and improve competitiveness.  We are focusing on improving our operating leverage through manufacturing improvements and a lower fixed-cost structure.  This includes launching new programs efficiently, as well as improving the utilization of our manufacturing footprint.  During fiscal 2016, we completed the transfer of production from our McHenry, Illinois manufacturing facility to other facilities within North America.  In addition, we announced a plan to close our Washington, Iowa manufacturing facility and are in the process of transferring the facility’s production to other manufacturing facilities within this segment, which we expect to complete in late fiscal 2017.  Our cost-reduction efforts, including the McHenry closure and various cost-saving initiatives in Brazil, have allowed us to improve our profitability despite the challenging market environment.

Europe (38 percent of fiscal 2016 net sales)

Our Europe segment provides powertrain and engine cooling systems, as well as vehicular climate control components, to OEM end markets, including the automotive, commercial vehicle, and off-highway markets.  These systems include cooling modules, radiators, charge air coolers, oil cooling products, EGR products, retarder and transmission cooling components, and HVAC condensers.

Overall, economic conditions in Europe showed moderate growth during fiscal 2016, as compared with the prior year.  Sales to the commercial vehicle market experienced moderate growth, primarily driven by a further Euro 6 ramp-up, as compared with the prior year.  The premium automotive market experienced relatively strong growth during fiscal 2016, while the off-highway market remained relatively flat.  Sales volume growth, primarily within the automotive and commercial vehicle markets, was more than offset by an unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus the euro.  During fiscal 2016, we recorded a $10 million asset impairment charge related to a manufacturing facility in Germany, which was generating pre-tax losses, resulting in management deciding to exit a certain product line in the future.

Our Europe segment is focused on continuous improvements, low-cost country sourcing and manufacturing footprint, and cost containment.  We expect continued price-reduction pressure from our customers, along with increased global customer service expectations and competition from competitors operating in low-cost countries.  Our objective with our restructuring activities in Europe continues to be improving segment ROACE and strengthening overall competitiveness.  As a result of our restructuring activities, we believe our Europe segment is well-positioned for improved long-term financial results, driven by our strong customer reputation for technology, service, and program management.

Asia (6 percent of fiscal 2016 net sales)

Our Asia segment provides powertrain cooling systems and engine products to customers in the commercial vehicle, off-highway, and automotive markets.

During fiscal 2016, Asia segment sales volume decreased slightly, primarily due to lower sales to off-highway customers in China and Korea, partially offset by an increase in automotive sales and new program launches.  Our manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China is continuing to ramp up production of aluminum oil coolers, and the production level at our manufacturing facility in Chennai, India has increased.  We expect this trend to continue in fiscal 2017.  Our technology, performance, quality, and reputation have enabled us to win new engine products business in Asia.  Emissions standards in China and India have generally lagged behind those in North America and Europe.  As a result, some local on- and off-highway powertrain cooling customers focus on price more than technology.  Due to the evolution of emission standards, we expect to benefit from additional powertrain and engine cooling opportunities; however, we expect the Asia markets to remain price-focused in the near term.  In January 2016, we assumed the controlling share of a newly-formed joint venture, Modine Puxin Thermal Systems (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., in China.  We expect this joint venture will expedite our introduction of stainless steel heat exchangers for the commercial vehicle market in China and expand opportunities for our EGR coolers in China as well.

Our strategy in this segment is to accelerate sales growth and achieve sustained profitability.  Our focus is on securing new business and further diversifying our product offering and customer base, while controlling costs and increasing our asset utilization and manufacturing capabilities.  We believe we are well positioned for growth and new programs in the future.

 

Our Building HVAC segment manufactures and distributes a variety of HVAC products, primarily for commercial buildings and related applications in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. We sell our heating, ventilation and cooling products through various channels to consulting engineers, contractors and building owners for applications such as warehouses, repair garages, greenhouses, residential garages, schools, data centers, manufacturing facilities, hotels, hospitals, restaurants, stadiums, and retail stores.  Our heating products include gas, electric, oil and hydronic unit heaters, low-intensity infrared, and large roof-mounted direct- and indirect-fired makeup air units.  Our ventilation products include single-packaged vertical units and unit ventilators used in school room applications, air-handling equipment, and rooftop packaged ventilation units used in a variety of commercial building applications.  Our cooling products include precision air conditioning units used for data center cooling applications, air- and water-cooled chillers, ceiling cassettes, and geothermal heat pump products which are also used in a variety of commercial building applications.

Economic conditions, such as demand for new commercial construction, building renovations including HVAC replacement, growth in data centers and school renovations, and higher efficiency requirements are growth drivers for our building HVAC products.  In fiscal 2016, sales volume for our North America ventilation products improved with demand.  Our North America heating sales volume remained relatively flat, as compared with the prior year.  During fiscal 2016, our Airedale business in the U.K. relocated into its new facility, which was rebuilt after a fire destroyed it in fiscal 2014.  During fiscal 2016, unfavorable currency conditions negatively impacted sales at our Airedale U.K. business and resulted in increased competition from other mainland European suppliers.

We expect growth in each of the HVAC markets we serve during fiscal 2017, although at varied rates.  The markets that we serve are heavily impacted by construction activity, building regulations, and owner/occupant comfort requirements.  Growth rates in these markets have strengthened recently, as manufacturing, housing, and business investment have increased.  We also anticipate modest growth in the North America heating market during fiscal 2017.  Our Building HVAC segment has grown through strategic acquisitions in recent years, such as Barkell, a manufacturer of custom air handling units located in the U.K., which we acquired in late fiscal 2014.  We will continue to pursue acquisitions in line with the growth objective of our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow strategic transformation.

Consolidated Results of Operations

During fiscal 2016, we announced our new Strengthen, Diversify and Grow strategic transformational framework.  Guided by this framework, we have commenced initiatives to, among other things, achieve global procurement savings and efficiencies, optimize our manufacturing footprint, implement a new global organizational structure, and reduce personnel costs.  We also formed and assumed the controlling share of a joint venture, Modine Puxin Thermal Systems (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., in China with Jiangsu Puxin Heat Exchange System Co., Ltd., in order to increase sales of certain products in China.

 

Fiscal 2016 net sales decreased $143 million, or 10 percent, from the prior year, primarily due to a $110 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes associated with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar, and lower sales volume to off-highway customers, partially offset by higher sales volume to automotive customers. During fiscal 2016, we completed a voluntary lump-sum payout program offered to certain eligible former employees participating in our U.S. pension plans.  See Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.  As a result of lump-sum payouts during the fiscal year, we recorded $42 million of non-cash pension settlement losses to costs of sales ($9 million) and SG&A expenses ($33 million).  During fiscal 2016, we recorded $17 million of restructuring expenses for activities, including Strengthen, Diversify and Grow initiatives, intended to optimize our cost structure and improve the efficiency of our operations.  We also recorded a $10 million asset impairment charge related to a manufacturing facility in Germany.  During fiscal 2016, our operating loss was $8 million, compared with operating income of $53 million in the prior year.  In addition, we recorded a $10 million gain within other income related to an insurance settlement for equipment losses resulting from the Airedale fire in fiscal 2014.

Fiscal 2015 net sales increased $18 million, or 1 percent, from the prior year, primarily due to higher sales volume to building HVAC, commercial vehicle, and automotive customers, partially offset by lower sales volume to off-highway customers and a $43 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes associated with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.  During fiscal 2015, we recorded $5 million of restructuring expenses and an $8 million goodwill impairment charge in Brazil.  Also in fiscal 2015, we sold a wind tunnel, which resulted in a gain of $3 million. Operating income of $53 million in fiscal 2015 increased $16 million compared with the prior year.

 

The following table presents our consolidated financial results on a comparative basis for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

 

		Years ended March 31,
		2016								2015								2014
(in millions)		$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales
Net sales		$	1,353				100.0	%		$	1,496				100.0	%		$	1,478				100.0	%
Cost of sales			1,129				83.5	%			1,249				83.5	%			1,240				83.9	%
Gross profit			224				16.5	%			247				16.5	%			238				16.1	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			205				15.2	%			184				12.3	%			182				12.3	%
Restructuring expenses			17				1.2	%			5				0.3	%			16				1.1	%
Impairment charges			10				0.7	%			8				0.5	%			3				0.2	%
Gain on sale of wind tunnel			-				-				(3	)			-0.2	%			-				-
Operating (loss) income			(8	)			-0.6	%			53				3.6	%			37				2.5	%
Interest expense			(11	)			-0.8	%			(12	)			-0.8	%			(12	)			-0.8	%
Other income (expense) – net			9				0.6	%			-				-				(1	)			-0.1	%
(Loss) earnings from continuing operations before income taxes			(10	)			-0.7	%			41				2.8	%			24				1.6	%
Benefit (provision) for income taxes			9				0.6	%			(19	)			-1.3	%			108				7.3	%
(Loss) earnings from continuing operations		$	(1	)			-0.1	%		$	22				1.5	%		$	132				8.9	%

 

Year Ended March 31, 2016 Compared with Year Ended March 31, 2015:

 

Fiscal 2016 net sales decreased $143 million, or 10 percent, from the prior year, primarily due to lower sales in our Americas and Europe segments. Sales volume increases in our Europe segment were more than offset by a $76 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  In total, our fiscal 2016 sales were negatively affected by a $110 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, primarily associated with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.

 

Gross profit decreased $23 million to $224 million in fiscal 2016, yet gross margin of 16.5 percent was consistent with the prior year.  The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to a $14 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, $9 million of pension settlement losses, and lower sales volume in the Americas segment, partially offset by lower material costs, improved production efficiencies, and cost-savings initiatives.

 

Fiscal 2016 SG&A expenses increased $21 million from the prior year.  The increase was primarily due to $33 million of pension settlement losses and the absence of $5 million of recoveries from business interruption insurance for the Airedale fire received in the prior year, partially offset by ongoing cost-control initiatives and a $10 million favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.

 

Restructuring expenses increased $12 million in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to severance expenses in the Europe and Americas segments and equipment transfer costs related to plant consolidation activities in the Americas segment.

 

In fiscal 2016, we recorded a $10 million impairment charge to write down the carrying value of a manufacturing facility in Germany to fair value.  In fiscal 2015, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $8 million in Brazil and recognized a gain of $3 million from the sale of a wind tunnel in Germany.

 

The operating loss of $8 million in fiscal 2016 represents a $61 million decline from $53 million of operating income in the prior year.  This decline was primarily due to $42 million of pension settlement losses, lower gross profit, higher restructuring expenses, and a $4 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, partially offset by ongoing cost-control initiatives.

 

Other income during fiscal 2016 includes a $10 million gain related to an insurance settlement for equipment losses resulting from the Airedale fire in fiscal 2014.

 

Our benefit for income taxes was $9 million in fiscal 2016, compared with a provision for income taxes of $19 million in fiscal 2015.  This $28 million change was primarily due to $16 million of income tax benefits related to pension settlement losses in the current year, a decrease in pre-tax operating earnings, and a $3 million income tax benefit related to the reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance in the current year.

Year Ended March 31, 2015 Compared with Year Ended March 31, 2014:

Fiscal 2015 net sales increased $18 million, or 1 percent, from the prior year, primarily due to sales increases in our Building HVAC and Asia segments, partially offset by lower sales in our Americas segment, as economic conditions in Brazil were weak, and in our Europe segment, where sales increases were more than offset by a $35 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  In total, our fiscal 2015 sales were negatively affected by a $43 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, primarily associated with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.

Gross profit increased $9 million to $247 million in fiscal 2015 and gross margin increased 40 basis points to 16.5 percent, primarily due to sales volume improvements and lower warranty costs.

Fiscal 2015 SG&A expenses increased $2 million from the prior year, primarily due to increased engineering and development costs and SG&A expenses at our Barkell business, which we acquired in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, partially offset by $5 million of recoveries from business interruption insurance during fiscal 2015 related to the Airedale fire.

Restructuring expenses decreased $11 million in fiscal 2015 compared with the prior year, primarily due to lower restructuring costs in our Europe segment, partially offset by higher severance expenses in our Americas segment.

In fiscal 2015, we sold a wind tunnel in Germany that we no longer considered to be a core asset, and recognized a gain of $3 million.  In addition, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $8 million related to Brazil.  In fiscal 2014, we recorded $3 million of impairment charges, primarily related to restructuring actions in our Europe segment.

Operating income of $53 million in fiscal 2015 increased $16 million compared with the prior year.  This improvement was primarily due to higher gross profit on increased sales volume, lower restructuring expenses, and the gain on the sale of the wind tunnel, partially offset by higher impairment charges and slightly higher SG&A expenses.

Our provision for income taxes was $19 million in fiscal 2015, compared with a benefit from income taxes of $108 million in fiscal 2014.  The provision for taxes in the U.S. totaled $9 million in fiscal 2015, compared with a significant benefit for taxes in fiscal 2014, which resulted primarily from the reversal of U.S. income tax valuation allowances totaling $119 million.  The provision for taxes in foreign jurisdictions totaled $10 million and $11 million in fiscal 2015 and 2014, respectively.

 

Earnings from discontinued operations of $1 million in fiscal 2015 related to a gain associated with the final collection of proceeds from the fiscal 2009 sale of our Electronic Cooling business.

Segment Results of Operations

During fiscal 2016, we combined our North America and South America segments into the Americas segment to streamline operations, gain synergies and improve our cost structure.  As a result, we recast the prior-period segment financial information to conform to the current-period presentation.  There was no impact to our consolidated financial statements as a result.

 

Americas

 

		Years ended March 31,
		2016								2015								2014
(in millions)		$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales
Net sales		$	586				100.0	%		$	667				100.0	%		$	688				100.0	%
Cost of sales			486				82.9	%			558				83.7	%			574				83.4	%
Gross profit			100				17.1	%			109				16.3	%			114				16.6	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			55				9.4	%			65				9.7	%			62				9.0	%
Restructuring expenses			9				1.5	%			3				0.4	%			1				0.2	%
Impairment charges			-				-				8				1.2	%			1				0.2	%
Operating income		$	36				6.2	%		$	33				5.0	%		$	50				7.2	%

 

Americas net sales decreased $81 million, or 12 percent, in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year.  Sales were lower in both North America and Brazil, including a $25 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  Sales in North America decreased $43 million, primarily due to lower sales volume to off-highway and commercial vehicle customers, partially offset by higher sales volume to automotive customers.  Sales volume to all markets in Brazil also declined during fiscal 2016, as economic conditions in Brazil remained weak.  Sales decreased  $21 million, or 3 percent, in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to lower sales in Brazil and a $9 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, partially offset by higher sales in North America, where higher sales volume to commercial vehicle customers were partially offset by lower sales volume to off-highway customers.

Gross profit decreased $9 million, yet gross margin increased 80 basis points to 17.1 percent in fiscal 2016.  The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to lower sales volume, a $3 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, and $2 million of environmental charges for investigative work related to a previously-owned manufacturing facility, partially offset by lower material costs, cost savings from the McHenry, Illinois manufacturing facility closure, and improved production efficiencies.  Gross profit decreased $5 million and gross margin decreased 30 basis points to 16.3 percent in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to lower sales volume in Brazil, partially offset by lower warranty costs and sales volume improvements in North America.

Fiscal 2016 SG&A expenses decreased $10 million from the prior year, primarily due to ongoing cost-control initiatives, the absence of a $3 million charge for a legal matter in Brazil in the prior year, and a $3 million favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  Fiscal 2015 SG&A expenses increased $3 million from the prior year, primarily due to the $3 million charge for the legal matter in fiscal 2015.

In fiscal 2016, we recorded $9 million of restructuring expenses, primarily related to severance expenses associated with a voluntary retirement program in the U.S., and the planned closure of our Washington, Iowa manufacturing facility, which we expect to complete during fiscal 2017, and equipment transfer costs related to plant consolidation activities in North America.  In fiscal 2015, we recorded $3 million of restructuring expenses, primarily related to severance expenses in Brazil, to better align our cost structure with the market conditions in Brazil, and equipment transfer costs related to the closure of our McHenry, Illinois manufacturing facility, which we completed during fiscal 2016. We also recorded an $8 million goodwill impairment charge during fiscal 2015, primarily due to a decline in the financial outlook for Brazil.

Operating income of $36 million in fiscal 2016 increased $3 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to lower SG&A expenses and the absence of the goodwill impairment charge in the prior year, partially offset by lower gross profit and higher restructuring expenses. Operating income of $33 million in fiscal 2015 decreased $17 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to the goodwill impairment charge, lower gross profit, and higher SG&A and restructuring expenses.

 

Europe

 

		Years ended March 31,
		2016								2015								2014
(in millions)		$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales
Net sales		$	524				100.0	%		$	578				100.0	%		$	584				100.0	%
Cost of sales			456				87.0	%			509				88.1	%			513				87.9	%
Gross profit			68				13.0	%			69				11.9	%			71				12.1	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			39				7.4	%			44				7.6	%			44				7.6	%
Restructuring expenses			6				1.2	%			2				0.4	%			15				2.6	%
Impairment charges			10				1.9	%			-				-				2				0.3	%
Gain on sale of wind tunnel			-				-				(3	)			-0.6	%			-				-
Operating income		$	13				2.5	%		$	26				4.5	%		$	10				1.6	%

 

Europe net sales decreased $54 million, or 9 percent, in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to a $76 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes and lower sales volume to off-highway customers, partially offset by increased sales volume to commercial vehicle and automotive customers.  Sales decreased $6 million, or 1 percent, in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to a $35 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes and lower tooling sales, partially offset by increased sales volume to commercial vehicle and automotive customers.

Gross profit decreased $1 million, yet gross margin increased 110 basis points to 13.0 percent in fiscal 2016.  The gross margin increase was primarily due to higher sales volume and lower material costs.  In addition, gross profit was negatively impacted by $9 million from foreign currency exchange rate changes.  In fiscal 2015, gross margin decreased 20 basis points to 11.9 percent compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to unfavorable sales mix, production inefficiencies caused by increased volume at certain manufacturing facilities and plant consolidation activities, and a $4 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, partially offset by the absence of $4 million of accelerated depreciation recorded in fiscal 2014 for production equipment that is no longer used and lower warranty costs.

Fiscal 2016 SG&A expenses decreased $5 million from the prior year, primarily due to a $6 million favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  Fiscal 2015 SG&A expenses of $44 million were consistent with the prior year, as higher engineering and development costs were offset by a favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.

In fiscal 2016, we recorded $6 million of restructuring expenses, primarily related to severance expenses.  In addition, we recorded a $10 million asset impairment charge.  These restructuring expenses and impairment charge primarily related to a manufacturing facility in Germany, which was generating pre-tax losses, resulting in management deciding to exit a certain product line in the future.  In fiscal 2015, we recorded $2 million of restructuring expenses, primarily due to plant consolidation activities, and we sold a wind tunnel for cash proceeds of $6 million, which resulted in a gain of $3 million.  In fiscal 2014, we recorded $15 million of restructuring expenses, primarily related to severance expenses, and $2 million of asset impairment charges.

Operating income of $13 million in fiscal 2016 decreased $13 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to an increase in restructuring expenses and impairment charges and the absence of a $3 million gain on the sale of a wind tunnel in the prior year, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses.  Operating income of $26 million in fiscal 2015 increased $16 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to a reduction in restructuring expenses and impairment charges and the gain from selling the wind tunnel.

 

		Years ended March 31,
		2016								2015								2014
(in millions)		$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales
Net sales		$	79				100.0	%		$	81				100.0	%		$	72				100.0	%
Cost of sales			67				84.5	%			69				85.8	%			63				87.5	%
Gross profit			12				15.5	%			12				14.2	%			9				12.5	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			11				14.5	%			12				13.9	%			12				17.2	%
Operating income (loss)		$	1				1.0	%		$	-				0.3	%		$	(3	)			-4.7	%

 

Asia net sales decreased $2 million, or 3 percent, in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to lower sales volume to off-highway customers in China and Korea and a $4 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, partially offset by higher sales volume to automotive customers in China and increased overall sales in India.  Sales increased $9 million, or 13 percent, in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to automotive program launches in China and increased overall sales in India, partially offset by lower sales volume to off-highway customers.

Gross margin increased 130 basis points to 15.5 percent in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to favorable sales mix.  Gross profit increased $3 million and gross margin increased 170 basis points to 14.2 percent in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to higher sales volume.

Fiscal 2016 SG&A expenses decreased $1 million from the prior year, primarily due to cost-control initiatives, partially offset by acquisition-related costs associated with a joint venture that we formed in fiscal 2016.  See Note 3 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on this joint venture.  Fiscal 2015 SG&A expenses were consistent with the prior year, yet decreased as a percentage of sales.

Operating income of $1 million in fiscal 2016 increased $1 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to lower SG&A expenses.  Operating income of less than $1 million in fiscal 2015 represented a $3 million improvement compared with the operating loss in the prior year, and was primarily due to higher gross profit on increased sales volume.

		Years ended March 31,
		2016								2015								2014
(in millions)		$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales				$'s				% of sales
Net sales		$	181				100.0	%		$	186				100.0	%		$	146				100.0	%
Cost of sales			127				70.1	%			130				70.0	%			103				70.4	%
Gross profit			54				29.9	%			56				30.0	%			43				29.6	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			39				21.6	%			37				19.8	%			34				23.2	%
Restructuring expenses			1				0.6	%			-				-				-				-
Operating income		$	14				7.7	%		$	19				10.2	%		$	9				6.4	%

 

Building HVAC net sales decreased $5 million, or 3 percent, in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to a $6 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes and lower sales at our businesses in the U.K., as unfavorable currency conditions resulted in increased competition from other mainland European suppliers, partially offset by increased ventilation product sales in North America.  Sales increased $40 million, or 27 percent, in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to a $23 million increase in sales at our businesses in the U.K. and increased heating product sales in North America, as we experienced a strong heating season in fiscal 2015.  The sales increase in the U.K. was primarily due to a $13 million increase in sales at Barkell, which we acquired in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, and the continuing recovery from the Airedale fire, which caused a temporary halt in production during the prior fiscal year.

Gross profit decreased $2 million in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year, primarily due to a $1 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  Gross margin decreased 10 basis points to 29.9 percent in fiscal 2016 compared with the prior year.  Gross profit increased $13 million and gross margin improved 40 basis points to 30.0 percent in fiscal 2015 compared with fiscal 2014, primarily due to higher sales volume.

 

Fiscal 2016 SG&A expenses increased $2 million from the prior year, primarily due to the absence of $5 million of recoveries from business interruption insurance for the Airedale fire received in the prior year, partially offset by lower engineering and development costs and a $1 million favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes.  Fiscal 2015 SG&A expenses increased $3 million from the prior year, primarily due to additional costs from Barkell and increased expenses associated with higher sales levels, partially offset by the recoveries from business interruption insurance for the Airedale fire.

In fiscal 2016, we recorded $1 million of restructuring expenses, primarily related to severance expenses.

Operating income of $14 million in fiscal 2016 decreased $5 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to lower gross profit and higher SG&A expenses.  Operating income of $19 million in fiscal 2015 increased $10 million compared with the prior year, primarily due to higher gross profit, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flow from operating activities, our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2016 of $69 million, and an available borrowing capacity of $207 million under lines of credit provided by banks in the United States and abroad.  Given our extensive international operations, $49 million of our cash and cash equivalents are held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Amounts held by non-U.S. subsidiaries are available for general corporate use; however, these funds would be subject to U.S. tax if repatriated.  We have not encountered, and do not expect to encounter, any difficulty meeting the liquidity requirements of our global operations.

During fiscal 2016, our Board of Directors approved a $50 million share repurchase program, which expires in November 2016.  We repurchased $7 million of shares under this program in fiscal 2016.  Our decision whether and to what extent to repurchase additional shares will depend on a number of factors, including business conditions, other cash priorities, and stock price.

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2016 was $72 million, an increase of $8 million from $64 million in the prior year.  This increase in operating cash flow was primarily due to favorable net changes in working capital, including lower incentive compensation payments during fiscal 2016 and the timing of value-added tax payments.

 

Net cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2015 was $64 million, a decrease of $41 million from $105 million in the prior year.  This decrease in operating cash flow was primarily due to unfavorable net changes in working capital, including higher incentive compensation payments during fiscal 2015 related to fiscal 2014 performance, and the timing of customer-owned tooling reimbursements.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures of $63 million during fiscal 2016 increased $5 million compared with fiscal 2015.  In fiscal 2016, our capital spending primarily occurred in the Americas and Europe segments, which totaled $27 million and $25 million, respectively.  Capital projects in fiscal 2016 included tooling and equipment purchases in conjunction with new and renewal programs with customers.

At March 31, 2016, our capital expenditure commitments totaled $21 million.  Significant commitments included tooling and equipment expenditures for new and renewal programs with customers in the Americas and Europe segments.

Dividends

We did not pay dividends in fiscal 2016, 2015, or 2014.  We currently do not intend to pay dividends in fiscal 2017.

 

Debt

Our total debt outstanding increased $14 million to $163 million at March 31, 2016, compared with the prior year, primarily due to borrowings in China and Mexico for capital investments.  See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our debt agreements.

Our debt agreements require us to maintain compliance with various covenants.  Under our primary debt agreements in the U.S., we are subject to a leverage ratio covenant, which requires us to limit our consolidated indebtedness, less a certain portion of our cash balance, both as defined by the credit agreement, to no more than three and one-quarter times consolidated net earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and certain other adjustments (“Adjusted EBITDA”).  We are also subject to an interest expense coverage ratio covenant, which requires us to maintain Adjusted EBITDA of at least three times consolidated interest expense.

Our leverage ratio for the four fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2016 was 1.2, which was below the maximum permitted ratio of 3.25.  Our interest expense coverage ratio for the four fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2016 was 10.5, which exceeded the minimum requirement of 3.0.  We were in compliance with our debt covenants as of March 31, 2016 and expect to remain in compliance during fiscal 2017 and beyond.  In the event of an acquisition, our leverage ratio may be temporarily raised for several quarters, per the terms of our debt agreements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

Contractual Obligations

		March 31, 2016
(in millions)		Total				Less than 1 year				1 - 3 years				4 - 5 years				More than 5 years
Long-term debt		$	125.4			$	8.0			$	32.2			$	85.2			$	-
Interest associated with long-term debt			30.3				8.5				14.1				7.7				-
Capital lease obligations			8.6				0.5				0.8				0.8				6.5
Operating lease obligations			53.5				8.1				10.4				8.7				26.3
Capital expenditure commitments			20.5				20.0				0.5				-				-
Other long-term obligations			3.6				1.7				1.2				0.7				-
Total contractual obligations		$	241.9			$	46.8			$	59.2			$	103.1			$	32.8

 

Our liabilities for pensions, postretirement benefits, and uncertain tax positions totaled $129 million as of March 31, 2016.  We are unable to determine the ultimate timing of payments for these liabilities; therefore, we have excluded these amounts from the contractual obligations table above.  We expect to contribute $8 million to our U.S. pension plans during fiscal 2017.

Critical Accounting Policies

The following critical accounting policies reflect the more significant judgments and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements.  Application of these policies results in accounting estimates that have the greatest potential for a significant impact on our financial statements.  The following discussion of these judgments and estimates is intended to supplement the significant accounting policies presented in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.  In addition, recently issued accounting pronouncements that could significantly impact our financial statements are included in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We perform impairment evaluations of long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and equity investments, whenever business conditions or events indicate that those assets may be impaired.  We consider factors such as operating losses, declining financial outlooks and market conditions, when evaluating the necessity for an impairment analysis.  When the net asset values exceed undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets, or the decline in value is considered to be “other than temporary,” we write down the assets to fair value and record an impairment charge to current operations.  We estimate fair value in various ways depending on the nature of the assets under review.  Fair value is generally based on appraised value, estimated salvage value, or selling prices under negotiation, as applicable.

The most significant long-lived assets we evaluated for impairment indicators were property, plant and equipment, which totaled $339 million at March 31, 2016.  Within property, plant and equipment, the most significant assets evaluated are buildings and improvements and machinery and equipment.  We evaluate impairment at the lowest level of separately identifiable cash flows, which is generally at the manufacturing plant level.  We monitor manufacturing plant financial performance to determine whether indicators exist that would require an impairment evaluation for the facility.  This includes significant adverse changes in plant profitability metrics; substantial changes in the mix of customer products manufactured in the plant; changes in manufacturing strategy; and the shifting of programs to other facilities under a manufacturing realignment strategy.  When such indicators are present, we perform an impairment evaluation.  During fiscal 2016, we recorded a $10 million impairment charge related to a manufacturing facility in Germany.  See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Impairment of Goodwill

We perform goodwill impairment tests annually, as of March 31, unless business events or other conditions exist that require a more frequent evaluation.  At March 31, 2016, our goodwill totaled $16 million, primarily related to our Building HVAC segment.  We consider factors such as operating losses, declining financial and market outlooks and market capitalization when evaluating the necessity for an interim impairment analysis.  Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level, which we have determined to be at the operating segment level.  Our first step in this test is to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. We determine the fair value of a reporting unit based upon the present value of estimated future cash flows.  If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the unit’s net assets, goodwill of that reporting unit is not impaired and further testing is not required.  If the carrying value of the reporting unit’s net assets exceeds the fair value of the unit, then we perform the second step of the impairment test to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill and any impairment charge.  In estimating the implied fair value of goodwill for a reporting unit, we assign the fair value to the assets and liabilities associated with the reporting unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. Any excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit goodwill over its implied fair value is recorded as an impairment charge. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves judgment and the use of significant estimates and assumptions, which include assumptions regarding the revenue growth rates and operating profit margins used to calculate estimated future cash flows, the risk-adjusted discount rate, business trends and market conditions.  We determine the expected future revenue growth rates and operating profit margins after consideration of our historical revenue growth rates and earnings levels, our assessment of future market potential and our expectations of future business performance. The discount rate used in determining discounted cash flows is a rate corresponding to our cost of capital, adjusted for country-specific risks where appropriate.

We conducted our annual assessment for goodwill impairment during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016 by applying a fair value-based test and determined the fair value of our reporting units substantially exceeded their respective book values.

 

Pension Obligations

Our calculation of the expense and liabilities of our pension plans is dependent upon various assumptions.  At March 31, 2016, our pension liabilities totaled $120 million.  The most significant assumptions include the discount rate, long-term expected return on plan assets, and mortality rate tables.  We base our selection of assumptions on historical trends and economic and market conditions at the time of valuation.  In accordance with U.S. GAAP, actual results that differ from these assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods.  These differences impact future pension expenses.  Currently, participants in our domestic pension plans are not accruing benefits based on their current service as the plans do not include increases in annual earnings or for future service in calculating the average annual earnings and years of credited service under the pension plan formula.

For the following discussion regarding sensitivity of assumptions, all amounts presented are in reference to our domestic pension plans, since our domestic plans comprise all of our benefit plan assets and the large majority of our pension plan expense.

To determine the expected rate of return on pension plan assets, we consider such factors as (a) the actual return earned on plan assets, (b) historical rates of return on the various asset classes in the plan portfolio, (c) projections of returns on those asset classes, (d) the amount of active management of the assets, (e) capital market conditions and economic forecasts, and (f) administrative expenses paid with the plan assets.  The long-term rate of return utilized in fiscal 2016 and 2015 was 8.0 percent.  For fiscal 2017, we have also assumed a rate of 8.0 percent.  The impact of a 25 basis point decrease in the expected rate of return on assets would result in an increase of $0.4 million in fiscal 2017 pension expense.

The discount rate reflects rates available on long-term, high-quality fixed-income corporate bonds on the measurement date of March 31.  For fiscal 2016, we used a discount rate of 4.1 percent, compared with 4.0 percent in fiscal 2015.  We determined these rates based upon a yield curve that was created following an analysis of the projected cash flows from the affected plans.  See Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.  A change in the assumed discount rate of 25 basis points would impact our fiscal 2017 pension expense by less than $0.1 million.

Income Taxes

We operate in numerous taxing jurisdictions and are therefore subject to regular examinations by federal, state and non-U.S. taxing authorities. Due to the application of complex and sometimes ambiguous tax laws and rulings in the jurisdictions in which we do business, there is an inherent level of uncertainty within our worldwide tax provisions.  Despite our belief that our tax return positions are consistent with applicable tax laws, it is possible that taxing authorities could challenge certain positions.

Our deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities for financial and tax reporting purposes.  We adjust these amounts to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse.  We record a valuation allowance if we determine it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets in certain jurisdictions will not be realized.  This determination involves significant judgment.  In performing this assessment on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis, we consider historical and projected financial results along with other pertinent information.

We have not recorded a provision for U.S. income taxes on undistributed earnings from our non-U.S. subsidiaries that we have determined to be permanently reinvested in our foreign operations.  If management’s intentions or U.S. tax law changes in the future, there could be a significant negative impact on our provision for income taxes.

See Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding income taxes.

 

 

Forward-Looking Statements

This report, including, but not limited to, the discussion under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains statements, including information about future financial performance, accompanied by phrases such as “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “intends,” and other similar “forward-looking” statements, as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  Modine’s actual results, performance or achievements may differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements, because of certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. in Part I. of this report.  Other risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

Market Risks:

·

Economic, social and political conditions, changes, challenges and unrest, particularly in the geographic, product and financial markets where we and our customers operate and compete, including, in particular, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, tariffs, inflation, changes in interest rates, recession and recovery therefrom, restrictions associated with importing and exporting and foreign ownership, and, in particular, the continuing recovery and/or instability of certain markets in which we operate in China and North America, and the continued deterioration in and weak forecasts for the Brazilian economy;

·

The impact of potential increases in commodity prices, including our ability to successfully manage our exposure and/or pass increasing prices of aluminum, copper, steel and stainless steel (nickel) on to customers, as well as the inherent lag in timing of such pass-through arrangements; and

·

The impact of current and future environmental laws and regulations on our business and the businesses of our customers, including our ability to take advantage of opportunities to supply alternative new technologies to meet environmental and/or energy standards and objectives.

Operational Risks:

·

The overall health and increasing price-down focus of our original equipment manufacturer customers in light of economic and market-specific challenges, and the potential impact on us from any deterioration in the stability or performance of any of our major customers;

·

Our ability to maintain current customer programs and compete effectively for new business, including our ability to offset or otherwise address increasing pricing pressures from competitors and price reduction pressures from customers, particularly in the face of macro-economic instability;

·

Our ability to effectively and efficiently realize expected commercial and operational efficiencies and associated cost savings and other benefits associated with our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow transformational strategy;

·

Unanticipated product or manufacturing difficulties or inefficiencies, including unanticipated program launch and product transfer challenges and warranty claims;

·

Our ability to obtain and retain profitable business in our Asia segment, and, in particular, in China;

·

Unanticipated delays or modifications initiated by major customers with respect to product launches, product applications or requirements;

·

Unanticipated problems with suppliers meeting our time, quantity, quality and price demands, and the overall health of our suppliers, particularly in light of some continuing economic challenges in areas of the world in which we and our suppliers operate;

 

·

Our ability to effectively and efficiently complete restructuring activities in our Europe segment and realize expected cost reductions and increased competitiveness and profitability as a result;

·

Our ability to complete the transition of our Washington, Iowa production to other facilities efficiently and effectively;

·

Costs and other effects of the remediation of environmental contamination;

·

Increasingly complex and restrictive laws and regulations, including those associated with being a U.S. public company and others present in various jurisdictions in which we operate, and the costs associated with compliance therewith;

·

Work stoppages or interference at our facilities or those of our major customers and/or suppliers; and

·

Costs and other effects of unanticipated litigation or claims, and the constant pressures associated with healthcare and insurance costs.

Strategic Risks:

·

Our ability to identify and execute appropriate opportunities to enable us to achieve our Strengthen, Diversify and Grow transformational strategy in order to position us for long-term success.

Financial Risks:

·

Our ability to fund our global liquidity requirements efficiently, particularly those in our Asia business segment, and meet our long-term commitments in the event of any unexpected disruption in or tightening of the credit markets or extended recessionary conditions in the global economy;

·

The impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, particularly the value of the euro, Brazilian real, British pound, and Indian rupee relative to the U.S. dollar; and

·

Our ability to realize the benefits of tax assets in various jurisdictions in which we operate.

In addition to the risks set forth above, we are subject to other risks and uncertainties as identified in our public filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.  We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

ITEM 7A.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

In the normal course of business, we are subject to market exposure from changes in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices, credit risk and economic conditions.

Foreign Currency Risk

We are subject to the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates due to our operations in foreign countries. We have manufacturing facilities in Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and throughout Europe.  We also have joint ventures in China, Japan and South Korea.  We sell and distribute products throughout the world and also purchase raw materials from foreign countries.  As a result, our financial results are affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates and economic conditions in the foreign markets in which we do business.  We attempt to mitigate foreign currency risks on transactions with customers and suppliers in foreign countries by entering into contracts that are denominated in the functional currency of the subsidiary engaging in the transaction.  Our financial results are principally exposed to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and European currencies, primarily the euro, and changes between the U.S. dollar and the Brazilian real, and between the euro and the British pound.  In fiscal 2016, 2015, and 2014, more than 50 percent of our sales were generated in countries outside the U.S.  A change in foreign exchange rates will positively or negatively affect our sales; however, this impact will be offset, usually to a large degree, with a corresponding effect on our expenses.  In fiscal 2016, changes in foreign currencies negatively impacted our sales by $110 million; however, the impact on our operating income was only $4 million.  Foreign currency exchange risk can be estimated by measuring the impact of a near-term adverse movement of 10 percent in foreign currency exchange rates.  If these rates were 10 percent higher or lower during fiscal 2016, there would not have been a material impact on our fiscal 2016 earnings.

 

We maintain, from time to time, foreign-denominated, long-term debt obligations and long-term intercompany loans that are subject to foreign currency exchange risk.  As of March 31, 2016, we did not have any long-term intercompany loans for which changes in foreign currency exchange rates would impact our net earnings.  From time to time, we enter into currency rate derivative contracts to manage the foreign exchange rate exposure on these types of loans.  These derivative instruments are typically not treated as hedges, and accordingly, gains or losses on the derivatives are recorded in other income and expense in the consolidated statements of operations and act to offset any currency movement on the outstanding loans receivable or payable.

Interest Rate Risk

We actively seek to reduce the potential volatility of earnings that could arise from changes in interest rates.  We generally utilize a mixture of debt maturities and both fixed-rate and floating-rate debt to manage exposure to changes in interest rates.  Our domestic revolving credit facility is based on a variable interest rate of London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 125 to 225 basis points, depending on our leverage ratio.  We are subject to risk of fluctuations in LIBOR and changes in our leverage ratio, which would affect the variable interest rate on our revolving credit facility and could create variability in interest expense.  There were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility as of March 31, 2016.  Based on our outstanding debt with variable interest rates at March 31, 2016, a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would increase our annual interest expense in fiscal 2017 by less than $1 million.

Commodity Price Risk

We are dependent upon the supply of raw materials and supplies in the production process and, from time to time, enter into firm purchase commitments for aluminum, copper, nickel, and natural gas. We maintain agreements with certain customers to pass through specified raw material price fluctuations in order to mitigate commodity price risk.  The majority of these agreements contain provisions in which the pass-through of the price fluctuations can lag behind the actual fluctuations by three months or longer, and typically the arrangements are limited to the underlying material cost based upon the London Metal Exchange.

Credit Risk

Credit risk represents the possibility of loss from a customer failing to make payment according to contract terms.  Our principal credit risk consists of outstanding trade accounts receivable.  At March 31, 2016, 45 percent of our trade accounts receivable balance was concentrated with our top ten customers.  These customers operate primarily in the automotive, commercial vehicle, and off-highway markets and are influenced by similar market and general economic factors.  In the past, credit losses from our customers have not been significant.

We manage credit risk through a focus on the following:

·

Cash and investments – We review cash deposits and short-term investments to ensure banks have acceptable credit ratings, and short-term investments are maintained in secured or guaranteed instruments.  We consider our holdings in cash and investments to be stable and secure at March 31, 2016;

·

Trade accounts receivable – Prior to granting credit, we evaluate each customer, taking into consideration the customer's financial condition, payment experience and credit information.  After credit is granted, we actively monitor the customer's financial condition and applicable business news;

·

Pension assets – We have retained outside advisors to assist in the management of the assets in our pension plans.  In making investment decisions, we utilize an established risk management protocol that focuses on protection of the plan assets against downside risk.  We ensure that investments within these plans provide appropriate diversification, the investments are monitored by investment teams, and portfolio managers adhere to the established investment policies.  We believe the plan assets are subject to appropriate investment policies and controls; and

·

Insurance – We monitor our insurance providers to ensure they have acceptable financial ratings.  We have not identified any concerns in this regard based upon our reviews.

 

Economic Risk

Economic risk represents the possibility of loss resulting from economic instability in certain areas of the world or downturns in markets in which we operate.  We sell a broad range of products that provide thermal solutions to customers operating primarily in the commercial vehicle, automotive, off-highway, and building HVAC markets.  We operate in diversified markets as a strategy for offsetting the risk associated with a downturn in any of the markets we serve.  However, risk associated with market downturns, such as the global downturn experienced in fiscal 2009 and fiscal 2010, is still present.

We monitor economic conditions in the U.S., in our foreign markets and elsewhere.  As we expand our global presence, we also encounter risks imposed by potential trade restrictions, including tariffs, embargoes and the like.  We continue to pursue non-speculative opportunities to mitigate these economic risks, and capitalize, when possible, on changing market conditions.

 

We pursue new market opportunities after careful consideration of the potential associated risks and benefits.  Successes in new markets are dependent upon our ability to commercialize our investments.  Current examples of new and emerging markets for us include those related to waste heat recovery, coils, and the Chinese and Indian markets.  Our investment in these areas is subject to the risks associated with business integration, technological success, customer and market acceptance, and our ability to meet the demands of our customers as these markets grow.

We anticipate that recovery within some of our geographic and end markets, and particularly growth in China may put production pressure on certain suppliers of our raw materials.  In particular, there are a limited number of suppliers of aluminum, copper, and steel material.  We are exposed to the risk of suppliers of certain raw materials not being able to meet customer demand as they may not increase their output capacity as quickly as customers increase their orders, and of increased prices being charged by raw material suppliers.

In addition, we purchase parts from suppliers that use our tooling to create the parts.  In most instances, and for financial reasons, we do not have duplicate tooling for the manufacture of the purchased parts.  As a result, we are exposed to the risk of a supplier being unable to provide the quantity or quality of parts that we require.  Even in situations where suppliers are manufacturing parts without the use of our tooling, we face the challenge of obtaining consistently high-quality parts from suppliers that are financially stable.  We utilize a supplier risk management program that leverages internal and third-party tools to identify and mitigate higher-risk supplier situations.

In addition to the above risks on the supply side, we are also exposed to risks associated with demands by our customers for decreases in the price of our products.  We attempt to offset this risk with firm agreements with our customers whenever possible, but these agreements often contain provisions for future price reductions.  In addition, customers occasionally link price reductions to future program awards, and we must assess the overall implications of such requests on a case-by-case basis.

Hedging and Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

We use derivative financial instruments as a tool to manage certain financial risks.  We prohibit the use of leveraged derivatives.

Commodity derivatives: From time to time, we enter into futures contracts related to certain forecasted purchases of aluminum and copper.  Our strategy is to reduce our exposure to changing market prices for future purchases of these commodities.  In fiscal 2016, 2015, and 2014, expenses related to commodity derivative contracts totaled less than $1 million each year.

Foreign currency forward contracts: Our foreign exchange risk management strategy uses derivative financial instruments in a limited way to mitigate foreign currency exchange risk.  We periodically enter into foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge specific foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities.  We have not designated these forward contracts as hedges.  Accordingly, we record unrealized gains and losses related to the change in the fair value of the contracts in other income and expense.  Gains and losses on these foreign currency forward contracts are offset by foreign currency gains and losses associated with the related assets and liabilities.

Counterparty risks: We manage counterparty risks by ensuring that counterparties to derivative instruments have credit ratings acceptable to us.  At March 31, 2016, all counterparties had a sufficient long-term credit rating.