Document
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
☒    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017

OR

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number 1-12993

ALEXANDRIA REAL ESTATE EQUITIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland
 
95-4502084
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
 385 East Colorado Boulevard, Suite 299, Pasadena, California 91101
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(626) 578-0777
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒
Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐   (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company ☐
 
Emerging growth company ☐


If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

As of July 14, 2017, 93,626,150 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


i




GLOSSARY

The following abbreviations or acronyms that may be used in this document shall have the adjacent meanings set forth below:

ASU
Accounting Standards Update
ATM
At the Market
CIP
Construction in Progress
EPS
Earnings per Share
FASB
Financial Accounting Standards Board
FFO
Funds from Operations
GAAP
U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
JV
Joint Venture
LEED®
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LIBOR
London Interbank Offered Rate
NAREIT
National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts
NAV
Net Asset Value
NYSE
New York Stock Exchange
REIT
Real Estate Investment Trust
RSF
Rentable Square Feet/Foot
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
SF
Square Feet/Foot
SoMa
South of Market (submarket of the San Francisco market)
U.S.
United States
VIE
Variable Interest Entity



ii




PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
June 30, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Assets
 
 
 
Investments in real estate
$
9,819,413

 
$
9,077,972

Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures
58,083

 
50,221

Cash and cash equivalents
124,877

 
125,032

Restricted cash
20,002

 
16,334

Tenant receivables
8,393

 
9,744

Deferred rent
383,062

 
335,974

Deferred leasing costs
201,908

 
195,937

Investments
424,920

 
342,477

Other assets
205,009

 
201,197

Total assets
$
11,245,667

 
$
10,354,888

 
 
 
 
Liabilities, Noncontrolling Interests, and Equity
 
 
 
Secured notes payable
$
1,127,348

 
$
1,011,292

Unsecured senior notes payable
2,800,398

 
2,378,262

Unsecured senior line of credit
300,000

 
28,000

Unsecured senior bank term loans
547,639

 
746,471

Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits
734,189

 
731,671

Dividends payable
81,602

 
76,914

Total liabilities
5,591,176

 
4,972,610

 
 
 
 
Commitments and contingencies


 


 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
11,410

 
11,307

 
 
 
 
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity:
 
 
 
7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock
74,386

 
86,914

6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock
—

 
130,000

Common stock
921

 
877

Additional paid-in capital
5,059,180

 
4,672,650

Accumulated other comprehensive income
22,677

 
5,355

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity
5,157,164

 
4,895,796

Noncontrolling interests
485,917

 
475,175

Total equity
5,643,081

 
5,370,971

Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and equity
$
11,245,667

 
$
10,354,888



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

1




Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rental
$
211,942

 
$
161,638

 
$
419,135

 
$
319,914

Tenant recoveries
60,470

 
54,107

 
121,816

 
106,704

Other income
647

 
10,331

 
2,985

 
15,547

Total revenues
273,059

 
226,076

 
543,936

 
442,165

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rental operations
76,980

 
67,325

 
154,067

 
133,162

General and administrative
19,234

 
15,384

 
38,463

 
30,572

Interest
31,748

 
25,025

 
61,532

 
49,880

Depreciation and amortization
104,098

 
70,169

 
201,281

 
141,035

Impairment of real estate
203

 
156,143

 
203

 
185,123

Loss on early extinguishment of debt
—

 
—

 
670

 
—

Total expenses
232,263

 
334,046

 
456,216

 
539,772

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures
589

 
(146
)
 
950

 
(543
)
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties
—

 
—

 
270

 
—

Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels
111

 
—

 
111

 
—

Net income (loss)
41,496

 
(108,116
)
 
89,051

 
(98,150
)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(7,275
)

(3,500
)

(13,119
)

(7,530
)
 Net income (loss) attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders
34,221

 
(111,616
)
 
75,932

 
(105,680
)
Dividends on preferred stock
(1,278
)
 
(5,474
)
 
(5,062
)
 
(11,381
)
Preferred stock redemption charge
—

 
(9,473
)
 
(11,279
)
 
(12,519
)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards
(1,313
)
 
(1,085
)
 
(2,300
)
 
(1,886
)
 Net income (loss) attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders
$
31,630

 
$
(127,648
)
 
$
57,291

 
$
(131,466
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Net income (loss) per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – basic and diluted
$
0.35

 
$
(1.72
)
 
$
0.64

 
$
(1.79
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends declared per share of common stock
$
0.86

 
$
0.80

 
$
1.69

 
$
1.60



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

2




Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
Net income (loss)
$
41,496

 
$
(108,116
)
 
$
89,051

 
$
(98,150
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during the period
(4,025
)
 
15,989

 
6,396

 
(31,434
)
Reclassification adjustments for losses (gains) included in net income (loss)
2,349

 
(3,061
)
 
2,482

 
(10,087
)
Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale equity securities, net
(1,676
)
 
12,928

 
8,878

 
(41,521
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedge agreements:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized interest rate hedge (losses) gains arising during the period
(550
)
 
(3,676
)
 
667

 
(10,637
)
Reclassification adjustment for amortization to interest expense included in net income (loss)
707

 
1,865

 
1,612

 
2,023

Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedge agreements, net
157

 
(1,811
)
 
2,279

 
(8,614
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gains on foreign currency translation:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) arising during the period
2,744

 
(1,364
)
 
3,756

 
2,164

Reclassification adjustment for cumulative foreign currency translation losses included in net income upon sale or liquidation
—

 
7,028

 
2,421

 
7,028

Unrealized gains on foreign currency translation, net
2,744

 
5,664

 
6,177

 
9,192

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
1,225

 
16,781

 
17,334

 
(40,943
)
 Comprehensive income (loss)
42,721

 
(91,335
)
 
106,385

 
(139,093
)
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(7,283
)
 
(3,476
)
 
(13,131
)
 
(7,506
)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders
$
35,438

 
$
(94,811
)
 
$
93,254

 
$
(146,599
)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


3




Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests
(Dollars in thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
 
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s Stockholders’ Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.00% Series D
Cumulative
Convertible
Preferred
Stock
 
6.45% Series E
Cumulative
Redeemable
Preferred
Stock
 
Number of
Common
Shares
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
 
Redeemable
Noncontrolling
Interests
Balance as of December 31, 2016
 
$
86,914

 
$
130,000

 
87,665,880

 
$
877

 
$
4,672,650

 
$
—

 
$
5,355

 
$
475,175

 
$
5,370,971

 
$
11,307

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
75,932

 
—

 
12,588

 
88,520

 
531

Total other comprehensive income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
17,322

 
12

 
17,334

 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(10,363
)
 
(10,363
)
 
(428
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8,505

 
8,505

 
—

Issuances of common stock
 
—

 
—

 
4,165,783

 
42

 
459,565

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
459,607

 
—

Issuances pursuant to stock plan
 
—

 
—

 
266,836

 
2

 
17,959

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
17,961

 
—

Repurchase of 7.00% Series D preferred stock
 
(12,528
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
391

 
(5,797
)
 
—

 
—

 
(17,934
)
 
—

Redemption of 6.45% Series E preferred stock
 
—

 
(130,000
)
 
—

 
—

 
5,132

 
(5,482
)
 
—

 
—

 
(130,350
)
 
—

Dividends declared on common stock
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(156,108
)
 
—

 
—

 
(156,108
)
 
—

Dividends declared on preferred stock
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,062
)
 
—

 
—

 
(5,062
)
 
—

Distributions in excess of earnings
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(96,517
)
 
96,517

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Balance as of June 30, 2017
 
$
74,386

 
$
—

 
92,098,499

 
$
921

 
$
5,059,180

 
$
—

 
$
22,677

 
$
485,917

 
$
5,643,081

 
$
11,410



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4




Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2017
 
2016
Operating Activities
 
 
 
 Net income (loss)
$
89,051

 
$
(98,150
)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
201,281

 
141,035

Loss on early extinguishment of debt
670

 
—

Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties
(270
)
 
—

Impairment of real estate
203

 
185,123

Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels
(111
)
 
—

Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures
(950
)
 
543

Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures
249

 
181

Amortization of loan fees
5,738

 
5,712

Amortization of debt premiums
(1,221
)
 
(112
)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases
(10,363
)
 
(1,940
)
Deferred rent
(53,497
)
 
(14,568
)
Stock compensation expense
10,756

 
11,556

Investment gains
(5,781
)
 
(20,606
)
Investment losses
328

 
6,821

Investment impairments
4,491

 
—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Restricted cash
(2,138
)
 
232

Tenant receivables
1,354

 
1,277

Deferred leasing costs
(26,811
)
 
(13,858
)
Other assets
(4,654
)
 
(5,931
)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits
13,283

 
(25,207
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
221,608

 
172,108

 
 
 
 
Investing Activities
 
 
 
Proceeds from sales of real estate
3,528

 
16,905

Additions to real estate
(436,377
)
 
(363,061
)
Purchases of real estate
(480,543
)
 
—

Deposits for investing activities
450

 
(75
)
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures
(163
)
 
(5,946
)
Additions to investments
(81,192
)
 
(52,366
)
Sales of investments
12,577

 
21,543

Repayment of notes receivable
—

 
9,036

Net cash used in investing activities
$
(981,720
)
 
$
(373,964
)

5




Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2017
 
2016
Financing Activities
 
 
 
Borrowings from secured notes payable
$
117,666

 
$
148,722

Repayments of borrowings from secured notes payable
(1,677
)
 
(233,168
)
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured senior notes payable
424,384

 
348,604

Borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit
2,069,000

 
1,486,000

Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit
(1,797,000
)
 
(1,565,000
)
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior bank term loans
(200,000
)
 
—

Change in restricted cash related to financing activities
(1,530
)
 
10,582

Payment of loan fees
(4,344
)
 
(7,927
)
Repurchase of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock
(17,934
)
 
(59,310
)
Redemption of 6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock
(130,350
)
 
—

Proceeds from the issuance of common stock
459,607

 
367,802

Dividends on common stock
(149,296
)
 
(115,589
)
Dividends on preferred stock
(7,015
)
 
(12,086
)
Financing costs paid for sale of noncontrolling interests
—

 
(8,093
)
Contributions from and sale of noncontrolling interests
8,505

 
31,020

Distributions to and purchase of noncontrolling interests
(10,791
)
 
(57,998
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
759,225

 
333,559

 
 
 
 
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
732

 
(801
)
 
 
 
 
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
(155
)
 
130,902

Cash and cash equivalents as of the beginning of period
125,032

 
125,098

Cash and cash equivalents as of the end of period
$
124,877

 
$
256,000

 
 
 
 
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
 
 
 
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of interest capitalized
$
53,810

 
$
37,656

 
 
 
 
Non-Cash Investing Activities:
 
 
 
Change in accrued construction
$
(25,138
)
 
$
59,871

Contribution of real estate to an unconsolidated real estate joint venture
$
6,998

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
Non-Cash Financing Activities:
 
 
 
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests
$
—

 
$
(5,000
)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


6

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

1.
Organization and basis of presentation

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (NYSE:ARE), an S&P 500® company, is an urban office REIT uniquely focused on collaborative life science and technology campuses in AAA innovation cluster locations. As used in this quarterly report on Form 10‑Q, references to the “Company,” “Alexandria,” “ARE,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

We have prepared the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP and in conformity with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In our opinion, the interim consolidated financial statements presented herein reflect all adjustments, of a normal recurring nature, that are necessary to fairly present the interim consolidated financial statements. The results of operations for the interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2017. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

2.
Summary of significant accounting policies

Consolidation

On an ongoing basis, as circumstances indicate the need for reconsideration, we evaluate each legal entity that is not wholly owned by us under the consolidation guidance, first under the variable interest model and then under the voting model. Our evaluation considers all of our variable interests, including equity ownership, as well as fees paid to us for our involvement in the management of each partially owned entity. The variable interest model applies to entities that meet both of the following criteria:

•
A legal structure has been established to conduct business activities and to hold assets; such entity can be in the form of a partnership, limited liability company, or corporation, among others; and
•
The entity established has variable interests – i.e., it has variable interests that are contractual, such as equity ownership, or other financial interests that change with changes in the fair value of the entity’s net assets.

If an entity meets both criteria above, we then evaluate such entity under the variable interest model. If an entity does not meet these criteria, we then evaluate such entity under the voting model or apply other GAAP, such as the cost or equity method of accounting.

Variable interest model

A legal entity is determined to be a VIE if it has any of the following three characteristics:

1)
The entity does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support;
2)
The entity is established with non-substantive voting rights (i.e., where the entity deprives the majority economic interest holder(s) of voting rights); or
3)
The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Equity holders meet this criterion if they lack any of the following:
•
The power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly influence the entity’s economic performance, as evidenced by:
•
Substantive participating rights in day-to-day management of the entity’s activities; or
•
Substantive kick-out rights over the party responsible for significant decisions;
•
The obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses; or
•
The right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns.


7


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Once we consider the sufficiency of equity and voting rights of each legal entity, we then evaluate the characteristics of the equity holders’ interests, as a group, to see if they qualify as controlling financial interests. Our real estate joint ventures consist of limited partnerships or limited liability companies. For entities structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies, our evaluation of whether the equity holders (equity partners other than us in each of our joint ventures) lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest includes the evaluation of whether the limited partners or non-managing members (the noncontrolling equity holders) lack both substantive participating rights and substantive kick-out rights, defined as follows:

•
Participating rights provide the noncontrolling equity holders the ability to direct significant financial and operating decisions made in the ordinary course of business that most significantly influence the entity’s economic performance.
•
Kick-out rights allow the noncontrolling equity holders to remove the general partner or managing member without cause.

If we conclude that any of the three characteristics of a VIE are met, including that the equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest because they lack both substantive participating rights and substantive kick-out rights, we conclude that the entity is a VIE and evaluate it for consolidation under the variable interest model.

If an entity is determined to be a VIE, we evaluate whether we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and benefits. We consolidate a VIE if we have both power and benefits – that is, (i) we have the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly influence the VIE’s economic performance (power), and (ii) we have the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that potentially could be significant to the VIE (benefits). We consolidate VIEs whenever we determine that we are the primary beneficiary. Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in Real Estate” and Note 4 – “Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for information on specific joint ventures that qualify as VIEs. If we have a variable interest in a VIE but we are not the primary beneficiary, we account for our investment using the equity method of accounting.

Voting model

If a legal entity fails to meet any of the three characteristics of a VIE (due to insufficiency of equity, existence of non-substantive voting rights, or lack of a controlling financial interest), we then evaluate such entity under the voting model. Under the voting model, we consolidate the entity if we determine that we, directly or indirectly, have greater than 50% of the voting shares and that other equity holders do not have substantive participating rights. Refer to Note 4 – “Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further information on one of our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures that qualifies for evaluation under the voting model.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity; the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements; and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Investments in real estate and properties classified as held for sale

In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU that clarifies the framework for determining whether an integrated set of assets and activities meets the definition of a business. The revised framework establishes a screen for determining whether an integrated set of assets and activities is a business and narrows the definition of a business, which is expected to result in fewer real estate transactions being accounted for as business combinations. Acquisitions of integrated sets of assets and activities that do not meet the definition of a business are accounted for as asset acquisitions. We early adopted this accounting standard effective October 1, 2016, and since then have evaluated all of our acquisitions under the new framework.


8


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Evaluation of business combination or asset acquisition

We evaluate each acquisition of real estate or in-substance real estate (including equity interests in entities that predominantly hold real estate assets) to determine if the integrated set of assets and activities acquired meet the definition of a business and need to be accounted as a business combination. If either of the following criteria is met, the integrated set of assets and activities acquired would not qualify as a business:

•
Substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; or
•
The integrated set of assets and activities is lacking, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs (i.e., revenue generated before and after the transaction).

An acquired process is considered substantive if:

•
The process includes an organized workforce (or includes an acquired contract that provides access to an organized workforce) that is skilled, knowledgeable, and experienced in performing the process;
•
The process cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay; or
•
The process is considered unique or scarce.

Generally, we expect that acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate will not meet the revised definition of a business because substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets (i.e., land, buildings, and related intangible assets) or because the acquisition does not include a substantive process in the form of an acquired workforce or an acquired contract that cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay. When evaluating acquired service or management contracts, we consider the nature of the services performed, the terms of the contract relative to similar arm’s length contracts, and the availability of comparable vendors in evaluating whether the acquired contract constitutes a substantive process.

Recognition of real estate acquired

For acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate that are accounted for as business combinations, we recognize the assets acquired (including the intangible value of acquired above- or below-market leases, acquired in-place leases, tenant relationships, and other intangible assets or liabilities), liabilities assumed, noncontrolling interests, and previously existing ownership interests at fair value as of the acquisition date. Any excess (deficit) of the consideration transferred relative to the fair value of the net assets acquired is accounted for as goodwill (bargain purchase gain). Acquisition costs related to business combinations are expensed as incurred.

Acquisitions of real estate and in-substance real estate that do not meet the definition of a business are accounted for as asset acquisitions. The accounting model for asset acquisitions is similar to the accounting model for business combinations except that the acquisition consideration (including acquisition costs) is allocated to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. As a result, asset acquisitions do not result in the recognition of goodwill or a bargain purchase gain. Additionally, because the accounting model for asset acquisitions is a cost accumulation model, preexisting interests in the acquired assets, if any, are not remeasured to fair value but continue to be accounted for at their historical cost.

The relative fair values used to allocate the cost of an asset acquisition are determined by the same methodologies and assumptions we utilize to determine fair value in a business combination.

If there is a bargain fixed-rate renewal option for the period beyond the non-cancelable lease term of an in-place lease, we evaluate factors, such as the business conditions in the industry in which the lessee operates, the economic conditions in the area in which the property is located, and the ability of the lessee to sublease its space during the renewal term, in order to determine the likelihood that the lessee will renew. When we determine there is reasonable assurance that such bargain renewal option will be exercised, we consider the option in determining the intangible value of such lease and its related amortization period. The value of tangible assets acquired is based upon our estimation of value on an “as if vacant” basis. The value of acquired in-place leases includes the estimated costs during the hypothetical lease-up period and other costs that would have been incurred in the execution of similar leases under the market conditions at the acquisition date of the acquired in-place lease. We assess the fair value of tangible and intangible assets based on numerous factors, including estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including the historical operating results, known trends, and market/economic conditions, that may affect the property.

9


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)


The values allocated to buildings and building improvements, land improvements, tenant improvements, and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis using the shorter of the term of the respective ground lease and up to 40 years for buildings and building improvements, an estimated life of up to 20 years for land improvements, the respective lease term for tenant improvements, and the estimated useful life for equipment. The values of acquired above- and below-market leases are amortized over the terms of the related leases and recognized as either increases (for below-market leases) or decreases (for above-market leases) to rental revenue. The values of acquired above- and below-market ground leases are amortized over the terms of the related ground leases and recognized as either increases (for below-market ground leases) or decreases (for above-market ground leases) to rental operating expense. The values of acquired in-place leases are classified in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the remaining terms of the related leases.

Capitalized project costs

We capitalize project costs, including pre-construction costs, interest, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, pre-construction, or construction of a project. Capitalization of development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction costs is required while activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. Fluctuations in our development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction activities could result in significant changes to total expenses and net income. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use are expensed as incurred. Should development, redevelopment, pre-construction, or construction activity cease, interest, property taxes, insurance, and certain other costs would no longer be eligible for capitalization and would be expensed as incurred. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Real estate sales

A property is classified as held for sale when all of the following criteria for a plan of sale have been met: (i) management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the property; (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary; (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated; (iv) the sale of the property is probable and is expected to be completed within one year; (v) the property is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and (vi) actions necessary to complete the plan of sale indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. Depreciation of assets ceases upon designation of a property as held for sale.

If the disposal of a property represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations or financial results, such as (i) a major line of business, (ii) a major geographic area, (iii) a major equity method investment, or (iv) other major parts of an entity, then the operations of the property, including any interest expense directly attributable to it, are classified as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of income, and amounts for all prior periods presented are reclassified from continuing operations to discontinued operations. The disposal of an individual property generally will not represent a strategic shift and, therefore, will typically not meet the criteria for classification as a discontinued operation.

Impairment of long-lived assets

On a quarterly basis, we review current activities and changes in the business conditions of all of our properties prior to and subsequent to the end of each quarter to determine the existence of any triggering events requiring an impairment analysis. If triggering events are identified, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows for the properties, including, if necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration.


10


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Long-lived assets to be held and used, including our rental properties, CIP, land held for development, and intangibles, are individually evaluated for impairment when conditions exist that may indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset to be held and used is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Impairment indicators or triggering events for long-lived assets to be held and used, including our rental properties, CIP, land held for development, and intangibles, are assessed by project and include significant fluctuations in estimated net operating income, occupancy changes, significant near-term lease expirations, current and historical operating and/or cash flow losses, construction costs, estimated completion dates, rental rates, and other market factors. We assess the expected undiscounted cash flows based upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, construction costs, available market information, current and historical operating results, known trends, current market/economic conditions that may affect the property, and our assumptions about the use of the asset, including, if necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration. Upon determination that an impairment has occurred, a write-down is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to its estimated fair value. If an impairment loss is not required to be recognized, the recognition of depreciation is adjusted prospectively, as necessary, to reduce the carrying amount of the real estate to its estimated disposition value over the remaining period that the real estate is expected to be held and used. We may adjust depreciation of properties that are expected to be disposed of or redeveloped prior to the end of their useful lives.

We use the held for sale impairment model for our properties classified as held for sale. The held for sale impairment model is different from the held and used impairment model. Under the held for sale impairment model, an impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the long-lived asset classified as held for sale exceeds its fair value less cost to sell. Because of these two different models, it is possible for a long-lived asset previously classified as held and used to require the recognition of an impairment charge upon classification as held for sale.

International operations

The functional currency for our subsidiaries operating in the U.S. is the U.S. dollar. We have operating properties in Canada and China. The functional currencies for our foreign subsidiaries are the local currencies in each respective country. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect as of the financial statement date. Income statement accounts of our foreign subsidiaries are translated using the weighted-average exchange rate for the periods presented. Gains or losses resulting from the translation are classified in accumulated other comprehensive income as a separate component of total equity.

Whenever a foreign investment meets the criteria for classification as held for sale, we evaluate the recoverability of the investment under the held for sale impairment model. We may recognize an impairment charge if the carrying amount of the investment exceeds its fair value less cost to sell. In determining an investment’s carrying amount, we consider its net book value and any unrealized cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment related to the investment.

The appropriate amounts of foreign exchange rate gains or losses classified in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified to net income only when realized upon the sale of our investment or upon the complete or substantially complete liquidation of our investment.

Investments

We hold equity investments in certain publicly traded companies and investments in certain privately held entities and limited partnerships primarily involved in the life science and technology industries. All of our equity investments in actively traded public companies are considered available-for-sale and are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Fair value has been determined based upon the closing price as of each balance sheet date, with unrealized gains and losses shown as a separate component of other comprehensive income. The classification of each investment is determined at the time each investment is made, and such determination is reevaluated at each balance sheet date. The cost of each investment sold is determined by the specific identification method, with realized gains or losses classified in other income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Investments in privately held entities are generally accounted for under the cost method when our interest in the entity is so minor that we have virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Certain investments in privately held entities require accounting under the equity method unless our interest in the entity is deemed to be so minor that we have virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognize our investment initially at cost and adjust the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment. Additionally, we generally limit our ownership percentage in the voting stock of each individual entity to less than 10%.


11


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

We periodically assess our investments in available-for-sale equity securities and privately held companies accounted for under the cost method for other-than-temporary impairment. We monitor each of our investments throughout the year for new developments, including operating results, results of clinical trials, capital-raising events, and merger and acquisition activities. Individual investments are evaluated for impairment when changes in conditions may indicate an impairment exists. The factors that we consider in making these assessments include, but are not limited to, market prices, market conditions, available financing, prospects for favorable or unfavorable clinical trial results, new product initiatives, and new collaborative agreements. If an unrealized loss related to an available-for-sale equity security is determined to be other-than-temporary, such unrealized loss is reclassified from other comprehensive income into current earnings. For a cost-method investment, if a decline in the fair value of an investment below its carrying value is determined to be other-than-temporary, such investment is written down to its estimated fair value with a charge to current earnings. If there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that might have an adverse effect on our cost method investments, we do not estimate the investment’s fair value. Refer to Note 5 – “Investments” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further information.

Recognition of rental income and tenant recoveries

Rental revenue from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms. We classify amounts currently recognized as rental revenue in our consolidated statement of income, and amounts expected to be received in later years as deferred rent in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts received currently but recognized as revenue in future years are classified in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We commence recognition of rental revenue at the date the property is ready for its intended use and the tenant takes possession of or controls the physical use of the property.

Rental revenue from direct financing leases is recognized over the lease term using the effective interest rate method. At lease inception, we record an asset within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets, which represents our net investment in the direct financing lease. This initial net investment is determined by aggregating the total future minimum lease payments attributable to the direct financing lease and the estimated residual value of the property less unearned income. Over the lease term, the investment in the direct financing lease is reduced and rental income is recognized as rental revenue in our consolidated statements of income and produces a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment in the direct financing lease.

Tenant recoveries related to reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period during which the applicable expenses are incurred.

Tenant receivables consist primarily of amounts due for contractual lease payments, reimbursements of common area maintenance expenses, property taxes, and other expenses recoverable from tenants. Tenant receivables are expected to be collected within one year. We may maintain an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of our tenants to make payments required under the terms of the lease and for tenant recoveries due. If a tenant fails to make contractual payments beyond any allowance, we may recognize additional bad debt expense in future periods equal to the amount of uncollectible tenant receivables and deferred rent arising from the straight-lining of rent. As of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, no allowance for uncollectible tenant receivables and deferred rent was deemed necessary.

Monitoring tenant credit quality

During the term of each lease, we monitor the credit quality of our tenants by (i) monitoring the credit rating of tenants that are rated by a nationally recognized credit rating agency, (ii) reviewing financial statements of the tenants that are publicly available or that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the applicable lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding our tenants and their respective businesses, and (iv) monitoring the timeliness of lease payments. We have a research team consisting of employees who, among them, have doctorate, graduate, and undergraduate degrees in biology, chemistry, industrial biotechnology, and engineering, and experience in the life science and technology industries, as well as in finance. Our research team is responsible for assessing and monitoring the credit quality of our tenants and any material changes in their credit quality.


12


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Income taxes

We are organized and operate as a REIT pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”). Under the Code, a REIT that distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its shareholders annually (excluding net capital gains) and meets certain other conditions is not subject to federal income tax on its distributed taxable income, but could be subject to certain federal, foreign, state, and local taxes. We distribute 100% of our taxable income annually; therefore, a provision for federal income taxes is not required. In addition to our REIT returns, we file federal, foreign, state, and local tax returns for our subsidiaries. We file with jurisdictions located in the U.S., Canada, India, China, and other international locations. Our tax returns are subject to routine examination in various jurisdictions for the 2011–2016 calendar years.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Definition of a business

On October 1, 2016, we adopted an ASU issued by the FASB in January 2017, which clarified the definition of a business. Refer to “Investments in Real Estate and Properties Classified as Held for Sale” above for a discussion of this new accounting pronouncement.

Employee share-based payments

On January 1, 2017, we adopted an ASU issued by the FASB in March 2016, which simplifies several aspects of employee share-based payment accounting, including the accounting for forfeitures. The ASU allows an entity to make an accounting policy election either to continue to estimate the total number of awards that are expected to vest (current method) or to account for forfeitures when they occur. This entity-wide accounting policy election only applies to service conditions; for performance conditions, the entity continues to assess the probability that such conditions will be achieved. If an entity elects to account for forfeitures when they occur, all nonforfeitable dividends paid on share-based payment awards are initially charged to retained earnings and reclassified to compensation cost only when forfeitures of the underlying awards occur. We elected to account for forfeitures when they occur and applied this ASU on a modified retrospective basis resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment aggregating approximately $368 thousand, which was recorded as a decrease to retained earnings and an increase to additional paid-in capital upon adoption of the ASU on January 1, 2017.

Revenue recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers, and has subsequently issued other ASUs that further clarified the ASU issued in 2014. The core principle underlying these ASUs is that an entity will recognize revenue to represent the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in such exchange. The revenue recognition standard has implications to all revenue, excluding those that are under the specific scope of other accounting standards.

Our revenue consists primarily of the following:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
Rental
$
211,942

 
$
161,638

 
$
419,135

 
$
319,914

Tenant recoveries
$
60,470

 
$
54,107

 
$
121,816

 
$
106,704

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Management fee income
$
672

 
$
81

 
$
985

 
$
334

Interest and other income
500

 
574

 
1,038

 
1,428

Investment income
(525
)
 
9,676

 
962

 
13,785

Other income
$
647

 
$
10,331

 
$
2,985

 
$
15,547

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
270

 
$
—

Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels
$
111

 
$
—

 
$
111

 
$
—


13


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)


Depending on the nature of the revenue, each of the revenue types listed above falls into one of three categories:

•
revenue under the scope of the new revenue recognition ASU, effective upon adoption on January 1, 2018,
•
revenue associated with leases, effective upon adoption of the new lease ASU no later than January 1, 2019, and
•
revenue within the scope of literature other than revenue recognition or lease accounting.

Revenue under the scope of the new revenue recognition ASU, effective upon adoption on January 1, 2018

Management fee income

Management fee income currently consists of property and construction management fees generally recognized as a percentage of rental revenues or construction costs. The recognition of revenue related to consideration exchanged for property and construction management services is expected to occur over time when the services are transferred to our tenants under the new ASU.

Gain/loss on sales of real estate – rental properties and land parcels

For real estate sales, the gain or loss recognition may be significantly different under the new ASU. Under current accounting standards, sales of real estate are not fully recognized until the buyer’s initial and continuing investments are adequate to demonstrate a commitment to pay for the property, the seller’s receivable is not subject to future subordination, the seller has transferred to the buyer the usual risks and rewards of ownership and does not have a substantial continuing involvement with the property, and the sale has been consummated. As a result, under the current standards, the seller may be required to apply the deposit method to the transaction or account for the transaction as a financing, leasing, or profit-sharing arrangement.

The current standards focus on whether the seller retains substantial risks or rewards of ownership as a result of its continuing involvement with the sold property. Under the new ASU, there are no rules specifically addressing sales of real estate. Instead, the new ASU establishes a derecognition model based on the transfer of control. Under the new ASU, if the arrangement includes ongoing involvement by the seller with the property, the seller must evaluate each promised good or service under the contract to determine whether it represents a separate performance obligation, constitutes a guarantee, or prevents the transfer of control. If a good or service is considered a separate performance obligation, an allocated portion of the transaction price should be recognized as revenue as the entity transfers the related good or service to the buyer.

Additionally, under the current standards, a partial sale of real estate in which the seller retains a noncontrolling interest results in the recognition of a gain or loss in proportion to the interest sold. Under the new standard, partial sales of real estate in which the seller retains a noncontrolling interest will result in the recognition of a full gain or loss. If a partial sale results in the seller retaining a controlling interest, an entity would continue to reflect the asset at its current book value, record a noncontrolling interest for the book value of the partial interest sold, and recognize additional-paid-in-capital for the difference between the consideration received and the partial interest at book value.

Entities may elect full retrospective adoption, applying this standard to each period presented, as if it had been in effect since the inception of all contracts. Entities may also elect the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective method, entities may elect to apply the standard to either (i) all contracts since the date of initial application, or (ii) only to contracts that are not completed as of the date of initial application. If the modified retrospective method is elected, an entity will recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of initial application (January 1, 2018).

Revenue associated with leases, effective upon adoption of the new lease ASU no later than January 1, 2019

Rental revenue

See below for a description of the new ASU for lease accounting effective for our interim and annual reporting periods no later than January 1, 2019.


14


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Tenant recoveries

Tenant recoveries, including executory cost payments (payments for maintenance activities, including common area maintenance, such as cleaning services), are considered lease components and recognized as revenue under current lease accounting standards. Tenant recoveries are recognized as revenue during the period in an amount equal to the related operating expenses incurred that are recoverable under the terms of the applicable lease. Under the new ASU on lease accounting, lease-related executory costs within tenant recoveries are considered non-lease components and subject to the new standard on revenue recognition. Accordingly, lease payments received from tenants will be allocated between lease and non-lease components based on a ratio determined at the inception of each lease. Executory costs within tenant recoveries will be recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in such exchange of goods and services to our tenants at the time that we have satisfied the obligation to provide such goods and services. The application of this new accounting depends on the timing and method of adoption, as described below.

Entities may elect to apply the new guidance related to non-lease components under the lease accounting ASU upon adoption of the revenue recognition ASU on January 1, 2018, or no later than January 1, 2019, upon adoption of the lease accounting ASU. We expect to adopt the revenue recognition guidance related to non-lease components within leases, including lease-related executory costs within tenant recoveries, on January 1, 2019, upon our adoption of the lease accounting ASU.

The lease accounting ASU requires the use of the modified retrospective transition method and does not allow for a full retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective method, entities may elect to apply the standard to either (i) all leases that exist as the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings or (ii) only to leases that are not completed as of the date of initial application, with a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings for the effect of applying the standard at the date of initial application. In addition, entities may elect a practical expedient package further described below under the “Leases” recent accounting pronouncement section that allows for revisions to lease accounting (including accounting for executory costs as non-lease components) to apply only to leases entered into or modified subsequent to the date of initial application.

Revenue within the scope of literature other than revenue recognition or lease accounting

This category includes interest and investment income, both of which fall outside the scope of the new revenue recognition and lease accounting standards. Investment income is subject to a recently issued accounting pronouncement related to the accounting for equity investments described below under the heading “Financial Instruments.”

Financial Instruments

In January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that amended the accounting for equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or that result in consolidation) and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments.

The ASU requires the following accounting:

•
Equity investments that have readily determinable fair values, which are currently classified as available-for-sale securities, are required to be measured at fair value, with the changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Available-for-sale equity securities under current GAAP require the recognition of unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income. This will no longer be permitted.
•
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values, which are currently classified as cost method investments, will be measured at cost less impairments, adjusted for observable price changes. An “observable price” is a price observed in an orderly transaction for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Changes in the carrying value from this measurement will also be reported in current earnings. Cost method investments are currently accounted for at cost less impairments.

The ASU requires the following disclosures:

•
Equity investments that have readily determinable fair values require disclosure of the unrealized gains and losses recognized in earnings during the period that relate to equity securities still held at the reporting date.

15


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

•
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values require disclosure of: (i) the carrying amount, (ii) the amount of impairments and downward adjustments, if any, (iii) the amount of upward adjustments, if any, and (iv) qualitative information to facilitate an understanding of the quantitative disclosures.

The ASU requires the use of the modified retrospective transition method, under which cumulative unrealized gains and losses reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified to retained earnings upon adoption of this guidance. The amendments related to equity investments without readily determinable fair values will be applied prospectively to all investments that exist as of the date of adoption. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017.

As of June 30, 2017, our consolidated balance sheet contained $79.4 million of available-for-sale equity securities in publicly traded companies, including $28.2 million of net unrealized gains classified in accumulated other comprehensive income. Additionally, as of June 30, 2017, our cost method investments aggregated $345.6 million.

Joint venture distributions

In August 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that provides guidance on the classification in the statement of cash flows of cash distributions received from equity method investments, including unconsolidated joint ventures. The ASU provides two approaches to determine the classification of cash distributions received from equity method investees: (i) the “cumulative earnings” approach, under which distributions up to the amount of cumulative equity in earnings recognized will be classified as cash inflows from operating activities, and those in excess of that amount will be classified as cash inflows from investing activities, and (ii) the “nature of the distribution” approach, under which distributions will be classified based on the nature of the underlying activity that generated cash distributions. Companies will elect either the “cumulative earnings” or the “nature of the distribution” approach. Entities that elect the “nature of the distribution” approach but lack the information to apply it will apply the “cumulative earnings” approach as an accounting change on a retrospective basis. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively (exceptions apply). During the six months ended June 30, 2017, distributions received from our equity method investees aggregated approximately $249 thousand. We will continue to assess the potential effect the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Restricted cash

In November 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that will require companies to include restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown in the statement of cash flows. The ASU will require disclosure of a reconciliation between the statement of financial position and the statement of cash flows when the statement of financial position includes more than one line item for cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents. Entities with material restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents balances will be required to disclose the nature of the restrictions. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had $20.0 million and $16.3 million of restricted cash, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets. Upon adoption of this ASU, restricted cash balances will be included with cash and cash equivalents balances as of the beginning and ending of each period presented in our consolidated statements of cash flows; separate line items reconciling changes in restricted cash balances to the changes in cash and cash equivalents will no longer be presented within the operating, investing, and financing sections of our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). The ASU requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today.


16


2.
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

The ASU is expected to result in the recognition of a right-to-use asset and a related liability to account for our future obligations under our ground lease arrangements for which we are the lessee. As of June 30, 2017, the remaining contractual payments under our ground lease agreements for which we are the lessee aggregated $582.2 million. Under the new ASU, entities may elect several practical expedients, including an entity need not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases. In other words, leases previously classified as operating or direct financing leases can continue to be classified as such. All of our existing ground leases are currently classified as operating leases, and therefore, we will have the option to continue to classify these leases as operating leases.

Additionally, the new ASU will require that lessees and lessors capitalize, as initial direct costs, only those costs that are incurred due to the execution of a lease. Under this ASU, allocated payroll costs and other costs such as legal costs incurred as part of the leasing process will no longer be capitalized as initial direct costs and instead will be expensed as incurred. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, we capitalized $12.8 million of such costs. Lessors will continue to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and operating leases, as well as the accounting treatment for external costs directly associated with the execution of a lease.

The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and requires the use of the modified retrospective transition method and does not allow for a full retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective method, entities may elect to apply the standard to either (i) all leases that exist as the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings or (ii) only to leases that are not completed as of the date of initial application, with a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings for the effect of applying the standard at the date of initial application. In addition, entities may elect a practical expedient package that allows for the lease accounting to apply only to leases entered into or modified subsequent to the date of initial application. An entity may elect the following group of practical expedients, which may not be elected individually:

•
An entity need not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases
•
An entity need not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and
•
An entity need not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases.

These three practical expedients are available as a single election that must be elected as a package and must be consistently applied to all existing leases at the date of adoption. We will continue to assess the potential effect the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for credit losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that changes the impairment model for most financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an allowance for expected losses, rather than incurred losses as required currently by the other-than-temporary impairment model. The ASU will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases, and off-balance-sheet credit exposures (e.g., loan commitments). The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date. We are currently assessing the potential effect the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.


17

3.
Investments in real estate

Our consolidated investments in real estate consisted of the following as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
 
 
June 30, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
North America:
 
 
 
 
Land (related to rental properties)
 
$
1,130,560

 
$
1,131,416

Buildings and building improvements
 
8,204,014

 
7,810,269

Other improvements
 
655,377

 
584,565

Rental properties
 
9,989,951

 
9,526,250

Development and redevelopment of new Class A properties:
 
 
 
 
Undergoing construction
 
813,176

 
809,254

Near-term projects undergoing marketing and pre-construction
 
102,330

 
—

Intermediate developments projects
 
287,072

 
—

Future development projects
 
284,630

 
253,551

Gross investments in real estate – North America
 
11,477,159

 
10,589,055

Less: accumulated depreciation
 
(1,694,254
)
 
(1,546,798
)
Net investments in real estate – North America
 
9,782,905

 
9,042,257

Net investments in real estate – Asia (1)
 
36,508

 
35,715

Investments in real estate
 
$
9,819,413

 
$
9,077,972


(1)
Refer to “Assets classified as held for sale in Asia” in Note 14 – “Assets Classified as Held for Sale” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further information.

Acquisitions

Our real estate asset acquisitions during the six months ended June 30, 2017, and subsequently, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Square Footage
 
 
For the three months ended
 
Operating
 
Redevelopment
 
Future Development
 
Purchase Price
March 31, 2017
 
232,470

 
—

 
1,508,890

 
$
218,500

June 30, 2017
 
272,634

 
175,000

 
1,030,000

 
244,009

Subsequent acquisitions
 
146,129

 
57,628

 
—

 
71,000

 
 
651,233

 
232,628

 
2,538,890

 
$
533,509


Cambridge/Greater Boston

303 Binney Street

In March 2017, we acquired land parcels at 303 Binney Street in our Cambridge submarket of Greater Boston for a purchase price of $80.3 million. The property is located adjacent to our Alexandria Center® at One Kendall Square campus and is currently entitled for the development of 163,339 RSF for office or office/laboratory use and 45,626 RSF for residential use. We may seek to increase the entitlements for office or office/laboratory use, which may result in additional purchase price consideration.


18


3.
Investments in real estate (continued)

Route 128/Greater Boston

266 and 275 Second Avenue

In June 2017, we entered into a definitive purchase and sale agreement to acquire two properties aggregating 203,757 RSF at 266 and 275 Second Avenue in our Route 128 submarket of Greater Boston for a purchase price of $71.0 million. The properties are currently 71% occupied by multiple tenants. The properties have 57,628 RSF of vacant space that will undergo conversion from office to laboratory space through redevelopment. The property will provide an additional opportunity to increase stabilized cash yields through the redevelopment of the remaining 146,129 RSF and re-leasing of existing in-place leases with below-market rents. We completed the acquisition in July 2017.

Mission Bay/SoMa/San Francisco

1455 and 1515 Third Street

In November 2016, we acquired the remaining 49% interest in our unconsolidated real estate joint venture with Uber for $90.1 million, of which $56.8 million is payable in 2017 in three equal installments, upon Uber’s completion of construction milestones. The first installment of $18.9 million was paid during the three months ended June 30, 2017.

88 Bluxome Street

In January 2017, we acquired land parcels aggregating 2.6 acres at 88 Bluxome Street in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket of San Francisco for a purchase price of $130.0 million. The existing 232,470 RSF building is operating as a leading tennis and fitness facility. We are currently pursuing entitlements for the development of this site and anticipate an aggregate of 1,070,925 RSF to be available for construction of two buildings in separate phases.

Greater Stanford/San Francisco

960 Industrial Road

In May 2017, we acquired a future ground-up development site at 960 Industrial Road aggregating 11.0 acres in our Greater Stanford submarket of San Francisco for a purchase price of $65.0 million. We are currently pursuing entitlements of 500,000 RSF for a multi-building development. We have leased the existing property, aggregating 195,000 RSF, back to the seller on a short-term basis while we obtain entitlements.

825 and 835 Industrial Road

In June 2017, we acquired an 8-acre site located at 825 and 835 Industrial Road in our Greater Stanford submarket of San Francisco for a purchase price of $85.0 million. The property is currently entitled for the development of two buildings aggregating 530,000 RSF and a parking structure. When combined with our acquisition of the 960 Industrial Road land parcel, these sites will provide us the ability to develop 1.0 million SF of Class A properties clustered in an urban science and technology campus.

1450 Page Mill Road

In June 2017, we acquired a 77,634 RSF newly developed technology office building at 1450 Page Mill Road, subject to a ground lease, located in Stanford Research Park, a collaborative business community that supports innovative companies in their R&D pursuits, in our Greater Stanford submarket of San Francisco for a purchase price of $85.3 million. The building is 100% leased to Infosys Limited for 12 years.

Torrey Pines/Sorrento Mesa/San Diego

3050 Callan Road and Vista Wateridge

In March 2017, we acquired land parcels aggregating 13.5 acres at 3050 Callan Road and Vista Wateridge in our Torrey Pines and Sorrento Mesa submarkets of San Diego, respectively, for an aggregate purchase price of $8.3 million. We are currently pursuing entitlements aggregating 229,000 RSF for a development on these land parcels.


19


3.
Investments in real estate (continued)

Research Triangle Park

5 Laboratory Drive

In May 2017, we acquired a 175,000 RSF redevelopment property at 5 Laboratory Drive in our Research Triangle Park submarket for a purchase price of $8.8 million. 5 Laboratory Drive is currently vacant, and we plan to redevelop the property for office/laboratory use.

We evaluated the completed transactions above to determine whether an integrated set of assets and activities meets the definition of a business. Acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business are accounted for as asset acquisitions. An integrated set of assets and activities does not qualify as a business if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets is concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets.

We evaluated each of the completed acquisitions and determined that substantially all of the fair value related to each acquisition is concentrated in a similar identifiable asset or is a land parcel with no operations. Accordingly, these transactions did not meet the definition of a business and consequently were accounted for as asset acquisitions. In each of these transactions, we allocated the total consideration for each acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities acquired on a relative fair value basis.

Investments in consolidated real estate joint ventures

In June 2016, we completed a sale of a 45% partial interest in 10290 Campus Point Drive to an institutional investor, TIAA Global Asset Management and affiliates (“TIAA”). 10290 Campus Point Drive is a 305,006 RSF office/laboratory building in our University Town Center submarket of San Diego, 100% leased to Eli Lilly and Company. Gross proceeds received from our partner related to this real estate joint venture through June 30, 2017 were $91.3 million, including $7.0 million received during the six months ended June 30, 2017. Remaining proceeds from our partner of $15.0 million are expected to be received primarily in the second half of 2017.

In December 2016, we completed a separate joint venture agreement with TIAA to sell a 45% partial interest in 10300 Campus Point Drive in our University Town Center submarket of San Diego, which is a 449,759 RSF building primarily leased to Celgene Corporation and The Regents of the University of California, for a sales price of $150.0 million. Gross proceeds received from our partner through June 30, 2017 were $137.3 million. Remaining proceeds of $12.7 million are expected to be received primarily in the second half of 2017.

We retained controlling interests in each of 10290 Campus Point Drive and 10300 Campus Point Drive following each sale above and, therefore, continue to consolidate both entities. As a result, we accounted for the proceeds from each transaction as equity financings. Each transaction did not qualify as a sale of real estate and did not result in purchase price adjustments to the carrying value of the net assets sold. Accordingly, the carrying amount of our partner’s share of assets and liabilities is reported at historical cost basis.

We own partial interests in the following Class A properties through our real estate joint ventures with TIAA: (i) 30% in 225 Binney Street in our Cambridge submarket, (ii) 50.1% in 1500 Owens Street in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket, (iii) 60% in 409 and 499 Illinois Street in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket, and (iv) 55% in 10290 and 10300 Campus Point Drive in our University Town Center submarket.

Under each of these real estate joint venture arrangements, we are the managing member and earn a fee for continuing to manage the day-to-day operations of each property and, in the case of 10290 Campus Point Drive, for managing the redevelopment construction of the project.


20


3.
Investments in real estate (continued)

For each of our joint ventures with TIAA, we evaluated the partially owned legal entity that owns the property under the variable interest model to determine whether each entity met any of the three characteristics of a VIE, which are as follows:

1)
The entity does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support.
•
Each joint venture has significant equity at risk to fund its activities as the ventures are primarily capitalized by contributions from the members and could obtain, if necessary, non-recourse commercial financing arrangements on customary terms.

2)
The entity is established with non-substantive voting rights.
•
The voting rights of each joint venture require both members to approve major decisions, which results in voting rights that are disproportionate to the members’ economic interest. However, the activities of each joint venture are conducted on behalf of both members, so the voting rights, while disproportionate, are substantive.

3)
The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, as evidenced by lack of substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights.
•
TIAA lacks substantive kick-out rights as it may not remove us as the managing member without cause.
•
TIAA also lacks substantive participating rights as day-to-day control is vested in us as the managing member and the major decisions that require unanimous consent are primarily protective in nature.

Based on the analysis detailed in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements, TIAA, as the non-managing member of each joint venture, lacks the characteristics of a controlling financial interest in each joint venture because it does not have substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. Therefore, each joint venture meets the criteria to be considered a VIE and, accordingly, is evaluated for consolidation under the variable interest model.

After determining that these joint ventures are VIEs, we determined that we are the primary beneficiary of each real estate joint venture as, in our capacity as managing member, we have the power to make decisions that most significantly influence operations and economic performance of the joint ventures. In addition, through our investment in each joint venture, we have the right to receive benefits and participate in losses that can be significant to the VIEs. Based on this evaluation, we concluded that we are the primary beneficiary of each joint venture, and therefore, we consolidate each entity.

The following table aggregates the balance sheet information of our consolidated VIEs as of June 30, 2017, and
December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
 
 
June 30, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Investments in real estate
 
$
982,126

 
$
993,710

Cash and cash equivalents
 
26,374

 
27,498

Other assets
 
62,229

 
57,166

Total assets
 
$
1,070,729

 
$
1,078,374

 
 
 
 
 
Secured notes payable
 
$
—

 
$
—

Other liabilities
 
44,200

 
66,711

Total liabilities
 
44,200

 
66,711

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s share of equity
 
542,111

 
538,069

Noncontrolling interests’ share of equity
 
484,418

 
473,594

Total liabilities and equity
 
$
1,070,729

 
$
1,078,374

 
 
 
 
 

In determining whether to aggregate the balance sheet information of our consolidated VIEs, we considered the similarity of each VIE, including the primary purpose of these entities to own, manage, operate, and lease real estate properties owned by the VIEs, and the similar nature of our involvement in each VIE as a managing member. Due to the similarity of the characteristics among these VIE’s, we present the balance sheet information of these entities on an aggregated basis.

For each of our consolidated VIEs, none of its assets have restrictions that limit their use to settle specific obligations of the VIE. There are no creditors or other partners of our consolidated VIEs that have recourse to our general credit. Our maximum exposure to all our VIEs is limited to our variable interests in each VIE.

21


3.
Investments in real estate (continued)


Sale of real estate assets and impairment charges

In January 2017, we completed the sale of a vacant property at 6146 Nancy Ridge Drive located in our Sorrento Mesa submarket of San Diego for a purchase price of $3.0 million and recognized a gain of $270 thousand.

In June 2017, we recognized an additional impairment charge of $203 thousand on a 20,580 RSF property located in a non-cluster market. We had previously recognized an impairment of $1.6 million in December 2016 when management committed to the sale of the property and evaluated this asset under the held for sale impairment model. As of June 30, 2017, this asset was classified as held for sale. We completed the sale of this asset in July 2017 for a gross sale price of $800 thousand with no gain or loss. Refer to “Assets classified as held for sale in North America” in Note 14 – “Assets Classified as Held for Sale” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further information.

On March 31, 2016, we evaluated two separate potential transactions to sell land parcels in our India submarket aggregating 28 acres. We determined that these land parcels met the criteria for classification as held for sale as of March 31, 2016, including among others, the following: (i) management having the authority committed to sell the real estate, and (ii) the sale was probable within one year. Upon classification as held for sale, we recognized an impairment charge of $29.0 million to lower the carrying amount of the real estate to its estimated fair value less cost to sell of approximately $10.2 million. In determining the carrying amount for evaluating the real estate for impairment, we considered our net book value, cost to sell, and a $10.6 million unrealized cumulative foreign currency translation loss, which was reclassified to net income upon the disposition of the assets.

During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we sold one of these land parcels totaling five acres for a sales price of $7.5 million at no gain or loss. In order to calculate the gain or loss on the sale, we considered our net book value, cost of the sale and cumulative foreign currency translation loss of $6.9 million.

On April 22, 2016, we decided to monetize our remaining real estate investments located in Asia in order to invest capital into our highly leased value-creation pipeline. We determined that these investments met the criteria for classification as held for sale when we achieved the following, among other criteria: (i) committed to sell all of our real estate investments in Asia, (ii) obtained approval from our Board of Directors, and (iii) determined that the sale of each property/land parcel was probable within one year. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, upon classification as held for sale, we recognized an impairment charge of $154.1 million related to our remaining real estate investments located in Asia, to lower the carrying costs of the real estate to its estimated fair value less cost to sell. In determining the carrying amount for evaluating the real estate for impairment, we considered our net book value, cost to sell, and a $40.2 million cumulative foreign currency translation loss, which was reclassified to net income upon the disposition of the assets. Impairment of real estate recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2016 of $156.1 million primarily relates to the impairment charge of $154.1 million as described above, as well as an impairment charge of $2.0 million related to projects in North America.

The fair value considered in our impairment of each investment was determined based on the following: (i) preliminary non-binding letters of intent, (ii) significant other observable inputs, including the consideration of certain local government land acquisition programs, and (iii) discounted cash flow analyses.

We evaluated whether our real estate investments in Asia met the criteria for classification as discontinued operations, including, among others, (i) if the properties meet the held for sale criteria, and (ii) if the sale of these assets represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on our operations and financial results. In our assessment, we considered, among other factors, that our total revenue from properties located in Asia was approximately 1.5% of our total consolidated revenues. At the time of evaluation, we also noted total assets related to our investment in Asia were approximately 2.5% of our total assets. Consequently, we concluded that the monetization of our real estate investments in Asia did not represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect in our operations and financial results and, therefore, did not meet the criteria for classification as discontinued operations.

Commitments to sell real estate

One of our tenants holds a fixed-price option to purchase from us the property that it currently leases. The purchase option is exercisable no later than December 29, 2017. The property subject to this purchase option is one of our older properties and has a net book value of $7.2 million as of June 30, 2017. The option is exercisable at a purchase price of $20.8 million, excluding any customary and ordinary closing costs. As of June 30, 2017, the purchase price option had not been exercised.


22




4.
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

360 Longwood Avenue

We have a 27.5% ownership interest in an unconsolidated real estate joint venture that, as of June 30, 2017, owned a building aggregating 413,799 RSF in our Longwood Medical Area submarket of Greater Boston. Our anchor tenant at the property exercised its option to purchase a condominium interest representing 203,090 RSF, or 49%, of the property, pursuant to a fixed-price purchase option in its original lease agreement executed in 2011. The unconsolidated real estate joint venture completed the sale of the condominium interest in July 2017, and repaid the existing secured construction loan discussed in the table below. Our share of the sales price was $65.7 million, excluding any customary and ordinary closing costs, and our share of the gain recognized was $14.1 million, which will be reflected in our equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures during the three months ended September 30, 2017. As of June 30, 2017, the unconsolidated real estate joint venture had a non-recourse, secured construction loan that included the following key terms (amounts represent 100% at the joint venture level, dollars in thousands):
Tranche
 
Stated Rate
 
Outstanding Balance
 
Remaining Commitments
 
Total
Fixed rate
 
5.25
%
 
 
$
173,226

 
$
2,015

 
$
175,241

Floating rate
 
L+3.75
%
 
 
13,075

 
24,884

 
37,959

 
 
 
 
 
$
186,301

 
$
26,899

 
$
213,200


We evaluated our ownership interests in the 360 Longwood Avenue joint venture using the consolidation guidance, as described in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements, to determine whether this entity meets any of the following characteristics of a VIE:

1)
The entity does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support.
•
This entity has significant equity and non-recourse financing as of June 30, 2017, in place to support operations.

2)
The entity is established with non-substantive voting rights.
•
Our 27.5% ownership interest in 360 Longwood Avenue consists of an interest in a joint venture with a development partner. The joint venture with our development partner holds an interest in the property with an institutional investor. Our development partner was responsible for the day-to-day management of construction and development activities, and we are responsible for the day-to-day administrative operations of components of the property following development completion. At the property level, all major decisions (including the development plan, annual budget, leasing plan, and financing plan) require approval of all three investors. Although voting rights within the structure are disproportionate to the members’ economic interests, the activities of the ventures are conducted on behalf of all members, and therefore, the voting rights, while disproportionate, are substantive.

3)
The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, as evidenced by lack of substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights.
•
The non-managing members have significant participating rights including in the day-to-day management of development activities and the participation in decisions related to the operations of the property.

Since our 360 Longwood Avenue joint venture does not meet the VIE criteria, we determined that this joint venture does not qualify for evaluation under the variable interest model and, therefore, should be evaluated under the voting model. Under the voting model, we consolidate the entity if we determine that we, directly or indirectly, have greater than 50% of the voting shares and that noncontrolling equity holders do not have substantive participating rights. Our interest in the 360 Longwood Avenue joint venture is limited to 27.5%, and since we do not have other contractual rights, we account for this joint venture under the equity method of accounting.


23


4.
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures (continued)


1401/1413 Research Boulevard

In May 2017, we recognized a gain of $111 thousand upon the sale of a 35% interest in our land parcels at 1401/1413 Research Boulevard, located in the Rockville submarket of Maryland. The sale was executed with a distinguished retail real estate developer for the development of an approximately 90,000 SF retail shopping center. We contributed the land parcels at a fair value of $7.9 million into a new entity, our partner contributed $3.9 million, and we received a distribution of $0.7 million.

We evaluated our remaining 65% ownership interest using the consolidation guidance as described in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements and concluded that the new entity qualified as a VIE. Under the VIE model, we determined that our joint venture partner is the primary beneficiary of the new joint venture and thus, we deconsolidated the joint venture and recognized the gain noted above as a gain on sales of real estate – land parcels, in our consolidated statements of income.

In May 2017, the joint venture obtained a non-recourse secured construction loan with aggregate commitments of $25.0 million. This loan includes the following key terms (amounts represent 100% at the joint venture level, dollars in thousands):
Debt
 
Maturity Date
 
Stated Rate
 
Outstanding Balance
 
Remaining Commitments
 
Total
1401/1413 Research Boulevard
 
 
5/17/20
(1) 
 
L+2.50
%
(2) 
 
$
1,042

 
$
23,958

 
$
25,000

Unamortized deferred financing costs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(128
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
914

 
 
 
 

(1)
The unconsolidated real estate joint venture has an option to extend the stated maturity date to July 1, 2020. In addition, there are two one-year options to convert the construction loan to a permanent loan and extend the stated maturity date to May 17, 2022.
(2)
The borrowing bears interest at a floating rate with an interest rate floor equal to 3.15%.

5.
Investments

We hold equity investments in certain publicly traded companies, privately held entities, and limited partnerships primarily involved in the life science and technology industries. All of our equity investments in actively traded public companies are considered available-for-sale and are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Our investments in privately held entities are primarily accounted for under the cost method.

Investments in available-for-sale equity securities with gross unrealized losses as of June 30, 2017 had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. We have the ability and intent to hold these investments for a reasonable period of time sufficient for the recovery of our investment. We believe that these unrealized losses are temporary. Accordingly, there are no other-than-temporary impairments in accumulated other comprehensive income related to available-for-sale equity securities as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016.

The following table summarizes our investments as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
 
June 30, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Available-for-sale equity securities, cost basis
$
51,199

 
$
41,392

Unrealized gains
32,577

 
25,076

Unrealized losses
(4,406
)
 
(5,783
)
Available-for-sale equity securities, at fair value
79,370

 
60,685

Investments accounted for under cost method
345,550

 
281,792

Total investments
$
424,920

 
$
342,477

    

24


5.
Investments (continued)


During the three months ended June 30, 2017, we determined there was an other-than-temporary impairment on certain of our equity securities. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment charge of approximately $4.5 million. The table below outlines the components of our investment income classified within other income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
Investment gains
$
3,986

 
$
14,715

 
$
5,781

 
$
20,606

Investment losses
(20
)
 
(5,039
)
 
(328
)
 
(6,821
)
Investment impairments
(4,491
)
 
—

 
(4,491
)
 
—

Investment (loss) income
$
(525
)
 
$
9,676

 
$
962

 
$
13,785


6.
Other assets

The following table summarizes the components of other assets as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
 
June 30, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Acquired below-market ground leases
$
12,798

 
$
12,913

Acquired in-place leases
61,957

 
63,408

Deferred compensation plan
14,108

 
11,632

Deferred financing costs – $1.65 billion unsecured senior line of credit
12,382

 
14,239

Deposits
7,867

 
3,302

Furniture, fixtures, and equipment
11,787

 
12,839

Interest rate hedge assets
3,782

 
4,115

Net investment in direct financing lease
37,867

 
37,297

Notes receivable
655

 
694

Prepaid expenses
7,030

 
9,724

Property, plant, and equipment
22,480

 
19,891

Other assets
12,296

 
11,143

Total
$
205,009

 
$
201,197


The components of our net investment in direct financing lease as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, are summarized in the table below (in thousands):
 
 
June 30, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Gross investment in direct financing lease
 
$
264,371

 
$
264,954

Less: unearned income
 
(226,504
)
 
(227,657
)
Net investment in direct financing lease
 
$
37,867

 
$
37,297



25


6.
Other assets (continued)


Future minimum lease payments to be received under our direct financing lease as of June 30, 2017, were as follows (in thousands):
Year
 
Total
2017
 
$
652

2018
 
1,607

2019
 
1,655

2020
 
1,705

2021
 
1,756

Thereafter
 
256,996

Total
 
$
264,371


7.
Fair value measurements

We provide fair value information about all financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. We measure and disclose the estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities utilizing a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. This hierarchy consists of three broad levels, as follows: (i) quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, (ii) significant other observable inputs, and (iii) significant unobservable inputs. Significant other observable inputs can include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Significant unobservable inputs are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, since there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances in which the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. There were no transfers between the levels in the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016.

The following tables set forth the assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
June 30, 2017
Description
 
Total
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale equity securities
 
$
79,370

 
$
79,370

 
$
—

 
$
—

Interest rate hedge agreements
 
$
3,782

 
$
—

 
$
3,782

 
$
—

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate hedge agreements
 
$
975

 
$
—

 
$
975

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
December 31, 2016
Description
 
Total
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale equity securities
 
$
60,685

 
$
60,685

 
$
—

 
$
—

Interest rate hedge agreements
 
$
4,115

 
$
—

 
$
4,115

 
$
—

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate hedge agreements
 
$
3,587

 
$
—

 
$
3,587

 
$
—



26


7.
Fair value measurements (continued)

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, tenant receivables, other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits approximate fair value. Our available-for-sale equity securities and our interest rate hedge agreements have been recognized at fair value. Refer to Note 5 – “Investments” and Note 9 – “Interest Rate Hedge Agreements” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further details. The fair values of our secured notes payable, unsecured senior notes payable, $1.65 billion unsecured senior line of credit, and unsecured senior bank term loans were estimated using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses using significant other observable inputs such as available market information on discount and borrowing rates with similar terms, maturities, and credit ratings. Because the valuations of our financial instruments are based on these types of estimates, the actual fair value of our financial instruments may differ materially if our estimates do not prove to be accurate. Additionally, the use of different market assumptions or estimation methods may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

As of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, the book and estimated fair values of our available-for-sale equity securities, interest rate hedge agreements, secured notes payable, unsecured senior notes payable, unsecured senior line of credit, and unsecured senior bank term loans were as follows (in thousands):

June 30, 2017

December 31, 2016

Book Value

Fair Value

Book Value

Fair Value
Assets:











Available-for-sale equity securities
$
79,370


$
79,370


$
60,685


$
60,685

Interest rate hedge agreements
$
3,782


$
3,782


$
4,115


$
4,115













Liabilities:











Interest rate hedge agreements
$
975


$
975


$
3,587


$
3,587

Secured notes payable
$
1,127,348

 
$
1,129,482

 
$
1,011,292

 
$
1,016,782

Unsecured senior notes payable
$
2,800,398

 
$
2,955,735

 
$
2,378,262

 
$
2,431,470

Unsecured senior line of credit
$
300,000

 
$
299,966

 
$
28,000

 
$
27,998

Unsecured senior bank term loans
$
547,639

 
$
547,215

 
$
746,471

 
$
750,422


Nonrecurring fair value measurements

Refer to “Sale of Real Estate Assets and Impairment Charges” in Note 3 – “Investments in Real Estate,” Note 5 – “Investments,” and Note 14 – “Assets Classified as Held for Sale” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

8.
Secured and unsecured senior debt

The following table summarizes our secured and unsecured senior debt as of June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Fixed-Rate/Hedged
Variable-Rate
 
Unhedged
Variable-Rate
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-Average
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest
 
Remaining Term
(in years)
 
 
 
Total
 
Percentage
 
Rate (1)
 
Secured notes payable
$
886,922

 
$
240,426

 
$
1,127,348

 
23.6
%
 
3.62
%
 
3.1
Unsecured senior notes payable
2,800,398

 
—

 
2,800,398

 
58.6

 
4.16

 
7.3
$1.65 billion unsecured senior line of credit
—

 
300,000

 
300,000

 
6.3

 
2.22

 
4.3
2019 Unsecured Senior Bank Term Loan
199,452

 
—

 
199,452

 
4.2

 
3.08

 
1.5
2021 Unsecured Senior Bank Term Loan
348,187

 
—

 
348,187

 
7.3

 
2.53

 
3.5
Total/weighted average
$
4,234,959

 
$
540,426

 
$
4,775,385

 
100.0
%
 
3.75
%
 
5.6
Percentage of total debt
89%

 
11%

 
100%

 
 
 
 
 
 

(1)
Represents the weighted-average interest rate as of the end of the applicable period, including expense/income related to our interest rate hedge agreements, amortization of debt premiums/discounts, amortization of loan fees, and other bank fees.


27
    

8.
Secured and unsecured senior debt (continued)

The following table summarizes our outstanding indebtedness and respective principal payments as of June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Stated 
Rate
 
Weighted-Average
Interest Rate (1)
 
Maturity
 
 
 
 
Unamortized (Deferred Financing Cost), (Discount)/Premium
 
 
Debt
 
 
 
Date (2)
 
 
Principal
 
 
Total
Secured notes payable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Greater Boston
 
L+1.35%

 
2.96
%
 
8/23/18
 
 
$
212,289

 
$
(840
)
 
$
211,449

Greater Boston
 
L+1.50%

 
2.79

 
1/28/19
(3) 
 
311,556

 
(1,893
)
 
309,663

Greater Boston
 
L+2.00%

 
3.27

 
4/20/19
(3) 
 
158,581

 
(2,433
)
 
156,148

Greater Boston, Seattle, and Maryland
 
7.75
%
 
8.16

 
4/1/20
 
 
109,403

 
(919
)
 
108,484

San Diego
 
4.66
%
 
4.98

 
1/1/23
 
 
35,755

 
(362
)
 
35,393

Greater Boston
 
3.93
%
 
3.19

 
3/10/23
 
 
82,000

 
3,085

 
85,085

Greater Boston
 
4.82
%
 
3.39

 
2/6/24
 
 
203,000

 
17,343

 
220,343

San Francisco
 
6.50
%
 
6.74

 
7/1/36
 
 
783

 
—

 
783

Secured debt weighted-average interest rate/subtotal
 
3.81
%
 
3.62

 
 
 
 
1,113,367

 
13,981

 
1,127,348

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019 Unsecured Senior Bank Term Loan
 
L+1.20
%
 
3.08

 
1/3/19
 
 
200,000

 
(548
)
 
199,452

2021 Unsecured Senior Bank Term Loan
 
L+1.10
%
 
2.53

 
1/15/21
 
 
350,000

 
(1,813
)
 
348,187

$1.65 billion unsecured senior line of credit
 
L+1.00
%
(4) 
2.22

 
10/29/21
 
 
300,000

 
—

 
300,000

Unsecured senior notes payable
 
2.75
%
 
2.96

 
1/15/20
 
 
400,000

 
(2,017
)
 
397,983

Unsecured senior notes payable
 
4.60
%
 
4.74

 
4/1/22
 
 
550,000

 
(3,083
)
 
546,917

Unsecured senior notes payable
 
3.90
%
 
4.04

 
6/15/23
 
 
500,000

 
(3,526
)
 
496,474

Unsecured senior notes payable
 
4.30
%
 
4.52

 
1/15/26
 
 
300,000

 
(4,114
)
 
295,886

Unsecured senior notes payable
 
3.95
%