UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008

OR

 

Commission file number 1-12387

TENNECO INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:  (847) 482-5000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

     Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes             No   ü  

     Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes             No   ü  

     Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.

     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes   ü       No        

     Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    ü  

     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes             No   ü  

     State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

 

* Based upon the closing sale price on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Tape for the Common Stock on June 30, 2008.

 

     INDICATE THE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING OF EACH OF THE REGISTRANT’S CLASSES OF COMMON STOCK, AS OF THE LATEST PRACTICABLE DATE. Common Stock, par value $.01 per share, 46,905,261 shares outstanding as of February 23, 2009.

 

Documents Incorporated by Reference:

 

 

 

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT FOR PURPOSES OF THE “SAFE HARBOR” PROVISIONS OF THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995

 

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 concerning, among other things, our prospects and business strategies. These forward-looking statements are included in various sections of this report, including the section entitled “Outlook” appearing in Item 7 of this report. The words “may,” “will,” “believe,” “should,” “could,” “plan,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” and similar expressions (and variations thereof), identify these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, these expectations may not prove to be correct. Because these forward-looking statements are also subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from the expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements include:

 

 

 

The risks included here are not exhaustive. Refer to “Part I, Item 1A — Risk Factors” of this report for further discussion regarding our exposure to risks. Additionally, new risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor to assess the impact such risk factors might have on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

 

General

 

Our company, Tenneco Inc., is one of the world’s largest producers of automotive emission control and ride control products and systems. Our company serves both original equipment vehicle manufacturers (“OEMs”) and the repair and replacement markets, or aftermarket, worldwide. As used herein, the term “Tenneco”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company” refers to Tenneco Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

Tenneco was incorporated in Delaware in 1996. In 2005, we changed our name from Tenneco Automotive Inc. back to Tenneco Inc. The name Tenneco better represents the expanding number of markets we serve through our commercial and specialty vehicle businesses. Building a stronger presence in these markets complements our core businesses of supplying ride control and emission control products and systems for light vehicles to automotive original equipment and aftermarket customers worldwide. Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “TEN”.

 

Corporate Governance and Available Information

 

We have established a comprehensive corporate governance plan for the purpose of defining responsibilities, setting high standards of professional and personal conduct and assuring compliance with such responsibilities and standards. As part of its annual review process, the Board of Directors monitors developments in the area of corporate governance. Listed below are some of the key elements of our corporate governance plan.

 

For more information about these matters, see our definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 13, 2009.

 

Independence of Directors

 

 

Audit Committee

 

 

Compensation/Nominating/Governance Committee

 

 

 

Corporate Governance Principles

 

 

Stock Ownership Guidelines

 

 

Communication with Directors

 

 

Codes of Business Conduct and Ethics

 

 

Related Party Transactions Policy

 

 

Equity Award Policy

 

 

Personal Loans to Executive Officers and Directors

 

 

Our Internet address is www.tenneco.com. We make our proxy statements, annual report to stockholders, annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, as filed with or furnished to the SEC, available free of charge on our Internet website as soon as

reasonably practicable after submission to the SEC. Securities ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 are also available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after submission to the SEC. The contents of our website are not, however, a part of this report.

 

Our Audit Committee, Compensation/Nominating/Governance Committee and Executive Compensation Subcommittee Charters, Corporate Governance Principles, Stock Ownership Guidelines, Audit Committee policy regarding accounting complaints, Code of Ethical Conduct for Financial Managers, Statement of Business Principles, Policy and Procedures for Transactions with Related Persons, Equity Award Policy, policy for communicating with the Board of Directors and Audit Committee policy regarding the pre-approval of audit, non-audit, tax and other services are available free of charge on our website at www.tenneco.com. In addition, we will make a copy of any of these documents available to any person, without charge, upon written request to Tenneco Inc., 500 North Field Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, Attn: General Counsel. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K and applicable NYSE rules regarding amendments to, or waivers of, our Code of Ethical Conduct for Financial Managers and Statement of Business Principles by posting this information on our website at www.tenneco.com.

 

CEO and CFO Certifications

 

In 2008, our Chief Executive Officer provided to the NYSE and the Chicago Stock Exchange the annual CEO certification regarding our compliance with the corporate governance listing standards of those exchanges. In addition, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission all required certifications regarding the quality of our disclosures in our fiscal 2008 SEC reports. There were no qualifications to these certifications.

 

For information concerning our operating segments, geographic areas and major products or groups of products, see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements of Tenneco Inc. included in Item 8. The following tables summarize for each of our operating segments for the periods indicated: (i) net sales and operating revenues; (ii) earnings before interest expense, income taxes and minority interest (“EBIT”); and (iii) expenditures for plant, property and equipment. You should also read “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 for information about certain costs and charges included in our results.

 

Net Sales and Operating Revenues:

 

 

EBIT:

 

 

Expenditures for plant, property and equipment:

 

 

Interest expense, income taxes, and minority interest that were not allocated to our operating segments are:

 

 

We design, manufacture and sell automotive emission control and ride control systems and products, with 2008 revenues of $5.9 billion. We serve both original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and replacement markets worldwide through leading brands, including Monroe^®, Rancho^®, Clevite^® Elastomers, and Fric Rot^tm ride control products and Walker^®, Fonos^tm, and Gillet^tm emission control products.

 

As a parts supplier, we produce individual component parts for vehicles as well as groups of components that are combined as modules or systems within vehicles. These parts, modules and systems are sold globally to most leading OEMs and throughout all aftermarket distribution channels.

 

Overview of Automotive Parts Industry and Adjacent Markets

 

The automotive parts industry is generally separated into two categories: (1) “original equipment” or “OE” sales, in which parts are sold in large quantities directly for use by OEMs; and (2) “aftermarket” sales, in which parts are sold as replacement parts in varying quantities to a wide range of wholesalers, retailers and installers. In the OE market, parts suppliers are generally divided into tiers — “Tier 1” suppliers, that provide their products directly to OEMs, and “Tier 2” or “Tier 3” suppliers, that sell their products principally to other suppliers for combination into the other suppliers’ own product offerings.

 

Demand for automotive parts in the OE market is generally a function of the number of new vehicles produced, which in turn is a function of prevailing economic conditions and consumer preferences. In 2008, the number of light vehicles produced was 12.7 million in North America, 28.8 million in Europe, South America and India and 26.6 million in Asia Pacific. The term “light vehicles” is comprised of two groups: (1) passenger cars and (2) light trucks. When we refer to “light trucks,” we are including sport-utility vehicles (SUV), crossover vehicles (CUV), pick-up trucks, vans and multi-purpose passenger vehicles. Worldwide new light vehicle production is forecasted to decrease to 59.8 million units in 2009 from approximately 68.1 million units in 2008. Although OE demand is tied to planned vehicle production, parts suppliers also have the opportunity to grow through increasing their product content per vehicle, by further penetrating business with existing customers and by gaining new customers and markets. Companies with global presence and advanced technology, engineering, manufacturing and support capabilities, such as our company, are, we believe, better positioned to take advantage of these opportunities.

 

These same competitive advantages have enabled suppliers such as us to serve customers beyond the light vehicle market. Certain automotive parts suppliers now find themselves being asked to develop and produce components and integrated systems for the commercial market of medium- and heavy-duty trucks, buses, and non-road equipment as well as the recreational segment for two-wheelers and all-terrain vehicles. Tenneco foresees this market diversification as a source of future growth.

 

Demand for aftermarket products is driven by general economic conditions, the quality of OE parts, the number of vehicles in operation, the age of the vehicle fleet, vehicle usage and the average useful life of vehicle parts. Although more vehicles are on the road than ever before, the aftermarket has experienced longer replacement cycles due to the improved quality of OE parts and increases in average useful lives of automotive parts as a result of technological innovation. In addition, the current global economic crisis has negatively impacted aftermarket sales. Suppliers are increasingly being required to deliver innovative aftermarket products that upgrade the performance or safety of a vehicle’s original components to drive aftermarket demand.

 

Industry Trends

 

Currently, we believe several significant existing and emerging trends are dramatically impacting the automotive industry and the other markets we serve. As the dynamics of the automotive industry and our other

markets change, so do the roles, responsibilities and relationships of its participants. Key trends that we believe are affecting parts suppliers include:

 

General Economic Factors and Production Levels

 

The current global financial crisis has materially and negatively impacted our business and our customers’ businesses in the U.S. and globally. These disruptions in financial markets and recent restrictions on liquidity are adversely impacting the availability and cost of incremental credit for many companies.

 

Overall negative economic conditions, including the deterioration of global financial markets, downturns in the real estate and mortgage markets and a weakening job market, have led to slowed economic growth in the U.S., and more recently Europe and the rest of the world. Such conditions have negatively impacted consumer confidence, resulting in delayed purchases of durable consumer goods such as automobiles. Purchases of our customers’ products have been further limited by their customers’ inability to obtain adequate financing for such purchases. There has also been a shift in the North American market away from light trucks, which tend to be higher margin products for our customers and us, to more fuel-efficient passenger cars. These changes have negatively impacted our product sales and profitability.

 

A number of companies in the automotive industry are, and over the last several years have been, facing severe financial difficulties. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have all announced significant restructuring actions in an effort to improve profitability and remain solvent. The North American automotive manufacturers are burdened with substantial structural and embedded costs, such as facility overhead as well as pension and healthcare costs, that have caused them to seek government financing and even risk bankruptcy. Automakers in other markets in the world are also experiencing financial difficulties from a weakened economy, tightening credit markets, and reduced demand for their products. The automotive supply base in turn has also been faced with severe cash flow problems as a result of the significantly lower production levels of light vehicles, increases in certain raw material, commodity and energy costs and restricted access to additional liquidity through the capital markets.

 

Increasing Environmental Standards

 

OE manufacturers and their parts suppliers are designing products and developing materials to respond to increasingly stringent environmental requirements, a growing diesel market and the demand for better fuel economy. Government regulations adopted over the past decade require substantial reductions in vehicle tailpipe emissions, longer warranties on parts of a vehicle’s pollution control equipment and additional equipment to control fuel vapor emissions. Some of these regulations also mandate more frequent emission inspections for the existing fleet of vehicles. Manufacturers have responded by focusing their efforts towards technological development to minimize pollution. As a leading supplier of emission control systems with strong technical capabilities, we believe we are well positioned operationally to benefit from more rigorous environmental standards. For example, we developed the diesel particulate filter to meet stricter air quality regulations in Europe. Our diesel particulate filters are produced in both Europe on the Mercedes Benz Sprinter and E-class and North America on the GM Duramax, Ford Super Duty, Dodge Ram and International Truck and Engine Corporation (Navistar) medium duty. Our particulate filter and De-NOx converter can reduce particulate emissions by up to 90 percent and nitrogen oxide emissions by up to 85 percent. We also have numerous development contracts with North American, European and Asian light and medium-duty truck manufacturers for our selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. In addition, we are actively working on development of a non-road emission aftertreatment system for multiple manufacturers, in order to meet Tier 4 environmental regulations. In China, we have development contracts for complete turnkey SCR systems, including the ELIM-NOx^tm urea dosing technology which we acquired in 2007. Several customers have also purchased prototypes of our hydrocarbon injector, acquired with the ELIM-NOx^tm technology, for the purpose of actively regenerating diesel particulate filters and Lean NOx Traps through hydrocarbon injection directly into the exhaust system.

Increasing Technologically Sophisticated Content

 

As consumers continue to demand competitively priced vehicles with increased performance and functionality, the number of sophisticated components utilized in vehicles is increasing. By replacing mechanical functions with electronics and by integrating mechanical and electronic functions within a vehicle, OE manufacturers are achieving improved emission control, improved safety and more sophisticated features at lower costs.

 

OEMs are increasingly demanding technological innovation from suppliers to address more stringent emission and other regulatory standards and to improve vehicle performance. To develop innovative products, systems and modules, we have invested $127 million for 2008, $114 million for 2007 and $88 million for 2006, net of customer reimbursements, into engineering, research and development and we continuously seek to take advantage of our technology investments and brand strength by extending our products into new markets and categories. For example, we were the first supplier to develop and commercialize a diesel particulate filter that can virtually eliminate carbon and hydrocarbon emissions with minimal impact on engine performance.

 

We have expanded our competence in diesel particulate filters in Europe and are winning business in North America on these same applications. In addition, we supply Volvo, Audi, Ford and Mercedes Benz with a computerized electronic suspension system that we co-developed with öhlins Racing AB. As other examples, we are sponsoring funded University Research for advanced technologies for both emission control and ride control, and we are participating in the HyTRAN consortium in Europe for the development of practical fuel cell reformers and auxiliary power units.

 

Our customers reimburse us for engineering, research, and development costs on some platforms when we prepare prototypes and incur costs before platform awards. Our engineering, research and development expense for 2008, 2007, and 2006 has been reduced by $120 million, $72 million, and $61 million, respectively, for these reimbursements.

 

Enhanced Vehicle Safety

 

Vehicle safety continues to gain increased industry attention and play a critical role in consumer purchasing decisions. As such, OEMs are seeking out suppliers with new technologies, capabilities and products that have the ability to advance vehicle safety. Continued research and development by select automotive suppliers in roll-over protection systems, smart airbag systems, braking electronics and safer, more durable materials has dramatically advanced the market for safety products and its evolving functional demands. Those suppliers that are able to enhance vehicle safety through innovative products and technologies have a distinct competitive advantage with the consumer, and thus their OEM customers. In the Aftermarket, Tenneco has promoted the “Safety Triangle” of Steering-Stopping-Stability to educate consumers of the detrimental effect of worn shock absorbers on vehicle steering and stopping distances. We further strengthened this message with the introduction of Monroe^® branded brakes as an Aftermarket product offering during 2007. Also during 2007, the new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 126 was introduced for electronic stability control (ESC) systems, making those systems mandatory by 2012. We believe that this legislation will encourage more vehicle manufacturers to specify products like Continuously Controlled Electronic Suspension (CES) and Kinetic.

 

Outsourcing and Demand for Systems and Modules

 

OEMs have been steadily moving towards outsourcing automotive parts and systems to simplify the vehicle assembly process, lower costs and reduce vehicle development time. Outsourcing allows OEMs to take advantage of the lower cost structure of the parts suppliers and to benefit from multiple suppliers engaging in simultaneous development efforts. Furthermore, development of advanced electronics has enabled formerly independent vehicle components to become “interactive,” leading to a shift in demand from individual parts to

fully integrated systems. As a result, automotive parts suppliers offer OEMs component products individually, as well as in a variety of integrated forms such as modules and systems:

 

 

This shift in demand towards fully integrated systems has created the role of the Tier 1 systems integrator. These systems integrators increasingly have the responsibility to execute a number of activities, such as design, product development, engineering, testing of component systems and purchasing from Tier 2 suppliers. We are an established Tier 1 supplier with many years of product integration experience. We have modules or systems for various vehicle platforms in production worldwide and modules or systems for additional platforms under development. For example, we supply ride control modules for the GM Chevy Silverado, GM Sierra and the VW Transporter and emission control systems for the Ford Super Duty, Toyota Tundra, Chrysler Dodge Ram, Ford Focus, and the GM Acadia, Enclave and Outlook.

 

Global Reach of OE Customers

 

OEMs are increasingly requesting suppliers to provide parts on a global basis to support global vehicle platforms. Also, as the customer base of OEMs has consolidated and emerging markets have become more important to achieving growth, suppliers must be prepared to provide products any place in the world.

 

 

With facilities around the world, including the key regions of North America, South America, Europe and Asia, we can supply our customers on a global basis.

 

Global Rationalization of OE Vehicle Platforms

 

OEMs are increasingly designing “global platforms.” A global platform is a basic mechanical structure of a vehicle that can accommodate different features and is in production and/or development in more than one region. Thus, OEMs can design one platform for a number of similar vehicle models. This allows manufacturers to realize significant economies of scale through limiting variations across items such as steering columns, brake systems, transmissions, axles, exhaust systems, support structures and power window and door lock mechanisms. We believe that this shift towards standardization will have a large impact on automotive parts suppliers, who should experience a reduction in production costs as OEMs reduce variations in components. We also expect parts suppliers, once the market recovers, to benefit from higher production volumes per platform and greater economies of scale, as well as reduced total investment costs for molds, dies and prototype development. Light vehicle platforms of over one million units are expected to grow from 35 percent to 49 percent of global OE production from 2008 to 2013.

Extended Product Life of Automotive Parts

 

The average useful life of automotive parts — both OE and replacement — has been steadily increasing in recent years due to innovations in products and technologies. The longer product lives allow vehicle owners to replace parts of their vehicles less often. As a result, although more vehicles are on the road than ever before, the global aftermarket has not grown as fast as the number of vehicles on the road. Accordingly, a supplier’s future viability in the aftermarket will depend, in part, on its ability to reduce costs and leverage its advanced technology and recognized brand names to maintain or achieve additional sales. As a Tier 1 OE supplier, we believe we are well positioned operationally to leverage our products and technology into the aftermarket.

 

Changing Aftermarket Distribution Channels

 

From 1998 to 2008, the number of retail automotive parts stores increased significantly while the number of jobber stores declined more than 14 percent in North America. Major automotive aftermarket retailers, such as AutoZone and Advance Auto Parts, are attempting to increase their commercial sales by selling directly to automotive parts installers in addition to individual consumers. These installers have historically purchased from their local warehouse distributors and jobbers, who are our more traditional customers. This enables the retailers to offer the option of a premium brand, which is often preferred by their commercial customers, or a standard product, which is often preferred by their retail customers. We believe we are well positioned to respond to this trend in the aftermarket because of our focus on cost reduction and high-quality, premium brands.

 

Contracting Supplier Base

 

Over the past few years, automotive suppliers have been consolidating in an effort to become more global, have a broad integrated product and service offering, and gain economies of scale in order to remain competitive amidst growing pricing pressures and increased outsourcing opportunities from the OEMs. One industry consultant projected in 2007 that the number of automotive supplier companies will decrease from 5,600 in 2000 to 2,800 by 2015. We believe that this industry trend will be accelerated by the current economic crisis which is putting additional pressure on automotive suppliers that do not have the size or breadth of operations or the financial profile to survive the severe downturn. A supplier’s viability in this market will depend, in part, on its ability to maintain and increase operating efficiencies and provide value-added services.

 

Analysis of Revenues

 

The table below provides, for each of the years 2008 through 2006, information relating to our net sales and operating revenues, by primary product lines and customer categories.

 

 

 

Brands

 

In each of our operating segments, we manufacture and market leading brand names. Monroe^® ride control products and Walker^® exhaust products are two of the most recognized brand names in the automotive parts industry. We emphasize product value differentiation with these and other key brands such as Monroe Sensa-Trac^® and Reflex^® (shock absorbers and struts), Quiet-Flow^® (mufflers), DynoMax^® (performance exhaust products), Rancho^® (ride control products for the high performance light truck market), Clevite^® Elastomers (elastomeric vibration control components), Marzocchi^TM (forks and suspensions for the two-wheeler market) and Lukey (performance exhaust and filters). In Europe, our Gillet^tm brand is recognized as a leader in developing highly engineered exhaust systems for OE customers.

 

Customers

 

We have developed long-standing business relationships with our customers around the world. In each of our operating segments, we work together with our customers in all stages of production, including design, development, component sourcing, quality assurance, manufacturing and delivery. With a diverse mix of OE and aftermarket products and facilities in major markets worldwide, we believe we are well-positioned to meet customer needs. We believe we have a strong, established reputation with customers for providing high-quality products at competitive prices, as well as for timely delivery and customer service.

 

Worldwide we serve more than 37 different OEMs, and our products or systems are included on eight of the top 10 passenger car models produced for sale in Europe and eight of the top 10 light truck models produced for sale in North America for 2008. During 2008, our OE customers included:

 

The following customers accounted for 10 percent or more of our net sales in any of the last three years.

 

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had net receivables due from General Motors, Ford and Chrysler in North America that totaled $142 million. Of this amount, $26 million was sold by our U.S. securitization program.

 

During 2008, our aftermarket customers were comprised of full-line and specialty warehouse distributors, retailers, jobbers, installer chains and car dealers. These customers included such wholesalers and retailers as National Auto Parts Association (NAPA), Advance Auto Parts, Uni-Select and O’Reilly Automotive in North America and Temot, Group Auto Union, Mekonomen Grossist and Auto Distribution International in Europe. We believe we have a balanced mix of aftermarket customers, with our aftermarket sales accounting for 19 percent of our net sales for 2008. During 2008, our top 10 aftermarket customers accounted for 41 percent of our net aftermarket sales.

 

Competition

 

We operate in highly competitive markets. Customer loyalty is a key element of competition in these markets and is developed through long-standing relationships, customer service, high quality value-added products and timely delivery. Product pricing and services provided are other important competitive factors.

 

In both the OE market and aftermarket, we compete with the vehicle manufacturers, some of which are also customers of ours, and numerous independent suppliers. In the OE market, we believe that we rank among the top two suppliers in the world for both emission control and ride control products and systems for light vehicles. In the aftermarket, we believe that we are the market share leader in the supply of both emission control and ride control products for light vehicles in the markets we serve throughout the world.

 

Seasonality

 

Our business is somewhat seasonal. OE manufacturers’ production requirements have historically been higher in the first two quarters of the year as compared to the last two quarters. Production requirements tend to decrease in the third quarter due to plant shutdowns for model changeovers. In addition, we believe this seasonality is due, in part, to consumer demand for new vehicles softening during the holiday season and as a result of the winter months in North America and Europe. Also, the major North American OEMs generally close their production facilities for the last two weeks of the year. Our aftermarket business also experiences seasonality. Demand for aftermarket products increases during the Spring as drivers prepare for the Summer driving season. Although seasonality does impact our business, actual results may vary from the above trends due to global and local economic dynamics as well as the timing of platform launches and other production related events.

 

Traditionally, during recessionary times such as these, OE sales decline due to reduced consumer demand for automobiles and other capital goods; and aftermarket sales increase as consumers forego purchases and choose instead to keep their vehicles longer, spending on repair and maintenance services. By participating in both the OE and aftermarket segments, we are insulated from these cycles to some extent. However, because of the severe economic downturn we are seeing now, the counter-cyclical nature of our aftermarket business is not yielding the same benefits as in the past. More so than in previous recessions, customers have decreased their spending, impacting not just our OE business but also our aftermarket business.

Emission Control Systems

 

Vehicle emission control products and systems play a critical role in safely conveying noxious exhaust gases away from the passenger compartment and reducing the level of pollutants and engine exhaust noise to an acceptable level. Precise engineering of the exhaust system — from the manifold that connects an engine’s exhaust ports to an exhaust pipe, to the catalytic converter that eliminates pollutants from the exhaust, to the muffler — leads to a pleasant, tuned engine sound, reduced pollutants and optimized engine performance.

 

We design, manufacture and distribute a variety of products and systems designed to reduce pollution and optimize engine performance, acoustic tuning and weight, including the following:

 

 

We entered the emission control product line in 1967 with the acquisition of Walker Manufacturing Company, which was founded in 1888. With the acquisition of Heinrich Gillet GmbH & Co. in 1994, we also became one of Europe’s leading OE emission control systems suppliers. When the term “Walker” is used in this document, it refers to our subsidiaries and affiliates that produce emission control products and systems.

 

We supply our emission control offerings to over 41 vehicle-makers for use on over 180 vehicle models, including 7 of the top 10 passenger cars produced for sale in Europe and 6 of the top 10 light trucks produced for sale in North America in 2008. We also supply OE EC products to heavy-duty and specialty vehicle manufacturers including Harley-Davidson, BMW Motorcycle, Daimler Trucks, and International Truck and Engine (Navistar).

 

With respect to catalytic converters, we buy the substrate coated with precious metals, or sometimes the completed catalytic converter, from a third party or directly from the OEM, use them in our manufacturing process and sell them as part of the completed system. This often occurs at the direction of the OEMs. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for more information on our sales of these products.

 

In the aftermarket, we manufacture, market and distribute replacement mufflers for virtually all North American, European, and Asian makes of light vehicles under brand names including Quiet-Flow^®, TruFit^® and Aluminox Pro^tm, in addition to offering a variety of other related products such as pipes and

catalytic converters (Walker Perfection^®). We also serve the specialty exhaust aftermarket, where our key offerings include Mega-Flow^tm exhaust products for heavy-duty vehicle applications and DynoMax^® high performance exhaust products. We continue to emphasize product value differentiation with other aftermarket brands such as Thrush^® and Fonos^tm.

 

The following table provides, for each of the years 2008 through 2006, information relating to our sales of emission control products and systems for certain geographic areas:

 

 

Ride Control Systems

 

Superior ride control is governed by a vehicle’s suspension system, including its shock absorbers and struts. Shock absorbers and struts help maintain vertical loads placed on a vehicle’s tires to help keep the tires in contact with the road. A vehicle’s ability to steer, brake and accelerate depends on the contact between the vehicle’s tires and the road. Worn shocks and struts can allow excess weight transfer from side to side, which is called “roll,” from front to rear, which is called “pitch,” and up and down, which is called “bounce.” Variations in tire-to-road contact can affect a vehicle’s handling and braking performance and the safe operation of a vehicle. Shock absorbers are designed to control vertical loads placed on tires by providing resistance to vehicle roll, pitch and bounce. Thus, by maintaining the tire to road contact, ride control products are designed to function as safety components of a vehicle, in addition to providing a comfortable ride.

 

We design, manufacture and distribute a variety of ride control products and systems. Our ride control offerings include:

 

 

 

We supply our ride control offerings to over 38 vehicle-makers for use on over 145 vehicle models, including 6 of the top 10 passenger cars produced for sale in Europe and 7 of the top 10 light truck models produced for sale in North America for 2008. We also supply OE ride control products and systems to a range of heavy-duty and specialty vehicle manufacturers including Volvo Truck, Scania, International Truck and Engine (Navistar), and PACCAR.

 

In the ride control aftermarket, we manufacture, market and distribute replacement shock absorbers for virtually all North American, European and Asian makes of light vehicles under several brand names including Gas Matic^®, Sensa-Trac^®, Monroe Reflex^® and Monroe Adventure^®, as well as Clevite^® Elastomers for elastomeric vibration control components. We also sell ride control offerings for the heavy-duty, off-road and specialty aftermarket, such as our Gas-Magnum^® shock absorbers for the North American heavy-duty category.

 

We entered the ride control product line in 1977 with the acquisition of Monroe Auto Equipment Company, which was founded in 1916, and introduced the world’s first modern tubular shock absorber in 1930. When the term “Monroe” is used in this document it refers to our subsidiaries and affiliates that produce ride control products and systems.

 

The following table provides, for each of the years 2008 through 2006, information relating to our sales of ride control equipment for certain geographic areas:

 

 

Financial Information About Geographic Areas

 

Refer to Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements of Tenneco Inc. included in Item 8 of this report for financial information about geographic areas.

 

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

 

We have separate and distinct sales and marketing efforts for our OE and aftermarket businesses.

For OE sales, our sales and marketing team is an integrated group of professionals, including skilled engineers and program managers, who are organized by customer and product type (e.g., ride control and emission control). Our sales and marketing team provides the appropriate mix of operational and technical expertise needed to interface successfully with the OEMs. Our new business “capture process” involves working closely with the OEM platform engineering and purchasing teams. Bidding on OE automotive platforms typically encompasses many months of engineering and business development activity. Throughout the process, our sales team, program managers and product engineers assist the OE customer in defining the project’s technical and business requirements. A normal part of the process includes our engineering and sales personnel working on customers’ integrated product teams, and assisting with the development of component/system specifications and test procedures. Given that the OE business involves long-term production contracts awarded on a platform-by-platform basis, our strategy is to leverage our engineering expertise and strong customer relationships to obtain platform awards and increase operating margins.

 

For aftermarket sales and marketing, our sales force is generally organized by customer and region and covers multiple product lines. We sell aftermarket products through four primary channels of distribution: (1) the traditional three-step distribution system of full-line warehouse distributors, jobbers and installers; (2) the specialty two-step distribution system of specialty warehouse distributors that carry only specified automotive product groups and installers; (3) direct sales to retailers; and (4) direct sales to installer chains. Our aftermarket sales and marketing representatives cover all levels of the distribution channel, stimulating interest in our products and helping our products move through the distribution system. Also, to generate demand for our products from end-users, we run print and television advertisements and offer pricing promotions. We were one of the first parts manufacturers to offer business-to-business services to customers with TA-Direct, an on-line order entry and customer service tool. In addition, we maintain detailed web sites for each of Walker^®, Monroe^®, Rancho^®, DynoMax^®, Monroe brake brands and our heavy-duty products.

 

Manufacturing and Engineering

 

We focus on achieving superior product quality at the lowest operating costs possible and generally use state-of-the-art manufacturing processes to achieve that goal. Our manufacturing strategy centers on a lean production system designed to reduce overall costs, while maintaining quality standards and reducing manufacturing cycle time. In addition, we have implemented Six Sigma in our processes to minimize product defects and improve operational efficiencies. We deploy new technology to differentiate our products from our competitors’ and to achieve higher quality and productivity. We continue to adapt our capacity to customer demand, both expanding capabilities in growth areas as well as reallocating capacity away from demand segments in decline.

 

Emission Control

 

Our consolidated businesses operate 11 emission control manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and 41 emission control manufacturing facilities outside of the U.S. We operate 12 of these international manufacturing facilities through joint ventures in which we own a controlling interest. We operate five emission control engineering and technical facilities worldwide and share two other such facilities with our ride control operations. In addition, three joint ventures in which we hold a non-controlling interest operate a total of three manufacturing facilities outside the U.S.

 

Within each of our emission control manufacturing facilities, operations are organized by component (e.g., muffler, catalytic converter, pipe, resonator and manifold). Our manufacturing systems incorporate cell-based designs, allowing work-in-process to move through the operation with greater speed and flexibility. We continue to invest in plant and equipment to stay competitive in the industry. For instance, in our Smithville, Tennessee, OE manufacturing facility, we have developed a muffler assembly cell that utilizes laser welding. This allows for quicker change-over times in the process as well as less material used and less weight for the product. There is also a reduced cycle time compared to traditional joining and increased manufacturing precision for superior durability and performance. In 2007, we introduced the Measured and Matched Converter technique in North America. This allows us to maintain the optimum GBD (Gap Bulk Density) in our converter manufacturing operations with Tenneco proprietary processing. This process, coupled with cold

spinning of the converter body, versus traditional cone to can welding, allows for more effective use of material through reduced welding, lower cost, and better performance of the product.

 

In an effort to further improve our OE customer service and position ourselves as a Tier-1 OE systems supplier, we have been developing some of our emission control manufacturing operations into “just-in-time” or “JIT” systems. In this system, a JIT facility located close to our OE customer’s manufacturing plant receives product components from both our manufacturing operations and independent suppliers, and then assembles and ships products to the OEMs on an as-needed basis. To manage the JIT functions and material flow, we have advanced computerized material requirements planning systems linked with our customers’ and supplier partners’ resource management systems. We have three emission control JIT assembly facilities in the United States and 21 throughout the rest of the world.

 

Our engineering capabilities include advanced predictive design tools, advanced prototyping processes and state-of-the-art testing equipment. These technological capabilities make us a “full system” integrator to the OEMs, supplying complete emission control systems from the manifold to the tailpipe, to provide full emission and noise control. We have expanded our engineering capabilities with the acquisition of Combustion Component Associates’s ELIM-NOx^tm mobile emission technology that includes urea and hydrocarbon injection, and electronic controls and software for selective catalytic reduction. We have also developed advanced predictive engineering tools, including KBM&E (Knowledge Based Manufacturing & Engineering). The innovation of our KBM&E (which we call TEN-KBM&E) is a modular toolbox set of CAD embedded applications for manufacturing and engineering compliant design. The encapsulated TEN-KBM&E content is driven by an analytical method which continuously captures and updates the knowledge of our main manufacturing and engineering processes.

 

Ride Control

 

Our consolidated businesses operate eight ride control manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and 23 ride control manufacturing facilities outside the U.S. We operate two of these international facilities through joint ventures in which we own a controlling interest. We operate seven engineering and technical facilities worldwide and share two other such facilities with our emission control operations.

 

Within each of our ride control manufacturing facilities, operations are organized by product (e.g., shocks, struts and vibration control products) and include computer numerically controlled and conventional machine centers; tube milling and drawn-over-mandrel manufacturing equipment; metal inert gas and resistance welding; powdered metal pressing and sintering; chrome plating; stamping; and assembly/test capabilities. Our manufacturing systems incorporate cell-based designs, allowing work-in-process to move through the operation with greater speed and flexibility.

 

As in the emission control business, in an effort to further improve our OE customer service and position us as a Tier 1 OE module supplier, we have been developing some of our manufacturing operations into JIT systems. We have three JIT ride control facilities outside the U.S.

 

In designing our shock absorbers and struts, we use advanced engineering and test capabilities to provide product reliability, endurance and performance. Our engineering capabilities feature advanced computer-aided design equipment and testing facilities. Our dedication to innovative solutions has led to such technological advances as:

 

 

Conventional shock absorbers and struts generally compromise either ride comfort or vehicle control. Our innovative grooved-tube, gas-charged shock absorbers and struts provide both ride comfort and vehicle control, resulting in improved handling, reduced vibration and a wider range of vehicle control. This technology can

be found in our premium quality Sensa-Trac^® shock absorbers. We further enhanced this technology by adding the SafeTech^tm fluon banded piston, which improves shock absorber performance and durability. We introduced the Monroe Reflex^® shock absorber, which incorporates our Impact Sensor^tm device. This technology permits the shock absorber to automatically switch in milliseconds between firm and soft compression damping when the vehicle encounters rough road conditions, thus maintaining better tire-to-road contact and improving handling and safety. We have also developed an innovative computerized electronic suspension system, which features dampers developed by Tenneco and electronic valves designed by öhlins Racing AB. The continuously controlled electronic suspension (“CES”) ride control system is featured on Audi, Volvo, Ford and Mercedes Benz vehicles.

 

Quality Control

 

Quality control is an important part of our production process. Our quality engineers establish performance and reliability standards in the product’s design stage, and use prototypes to confirm that the component/system can be manufactured to specifications. Quality control is also integrated into the manufacturing process, with shop operators being responsible for quality control of their specific work product. In addition, our inspectors test work-in-progress at various stages to ensure components are being fabricated to meet customers’ requirements.

 

We believe our commitment to quality control and sound management practices and policies is demonstrated by our successful participation in the International Standards Organization/Technical Specifications certification process (“ISO/TS”). ISO/TS certifications are semi-annual or annual audits that certify that a company’s facilities meet stringent quality and business systems requirements. Without ISO or TS certification, we would not be able to supply our products for the aftermarket or the OE market, respectively, either locally or globally. Of those manufacturing facilities where we have determined that TS certification is required to service our customers or would provide us with an advantage in securing additional business, 96 percent have achieved TS 16949:2002 certification. For strategic reasons, we have no immediate plans to certify the remaining plants. Of those manufacturing facilities where we have determined that ISO 9000 certification is required or would provide us with an advantage in securing additional business, all have achieved ISO 9000 certification.

 

Business Strategy

 

We strive to strengthen our global market position by designing, manufacturing, delivering and marketing technologically innovative emission control and ride control products and systems for OEMs and the aftermarket. We work toward achieving a balanced mix of products, markets and customers by capitalizing on emerging economic trends, specific regional preferences and changing customer requirements. We target both mature and developing markets for not just light vehicles, but also for commercial and specialty vehicles. We further enhance our operations by focusing on operational excellence in all functional areas.

 

The key components of our business strategy are described below:

 

Sharply Reduce Costs to Help Counteract the Current Global Economic Crisis

 

We are aggressively responding to the current global economic crisis and the resulting significantly reduced production levels by executing comprehensive global restructuring and cost-reduction initiatives. In the fourth quarter of 2008, we launched a global restructuring program that we estimate will generate annual savings of about $58 million once fully implemented by the end of 2009. The restructuring program, which has a payback period of less than one year, includes actions to permanently reduce our fixed cost base and actions to flex our costs in the current economic environment, such as:

 

 

We are also flexing our operations to address these market conditions, implementing temporary layoffs of hourly workers at our plants worldwide that are impacted by customers’ plant shutdowns. In North America, where customer production cuts have been the greatest, we have also initiated salaried employee furloughs. In Europe, we have eliminated all temporary positions and are working successfully with various works councils to pursue similar cost reduction efforts including reduced work hours. In addition, we have frozen 2009 salaries at 2008 levels, and implemented other salary control actions, and we have cut total compensation for our top 50 executives by more than 60% on average.

 

In addition, we are strategically reducing capital expenditures and engineering investments where possible without compromising our long-term growth prospects. We are eliminating or deferring regional expansion projects, cutting spending tied to delayed customer launches, redeploying assets where feasible, and eliminating all discretionary capital spending. We are focusing on developing technologies and capabilities tied to business launching within the next two to three years, except in those instances where the customer is paying upfront for engineering and advance technology developments on programs launching in 2012 and beyond. This has allowed us to continue all programs critical to our growth with limited near-term cash impact.

 

We are also focusing on generating cash flow through working capital improvements, particularly by reducing inventories and strengthening our management of payables and receivables.

 

Development and Commercialization of Advanced Technologies

 

We continue to identify and target new, fast-growing niche markets and commercialize new technologies for these markets as well as our existing markets. We focus on commercializing innovative, value-added products with an emphasis on highly engineered systems and complex assemblies and modules. By anticipating customer needs and preferences, we are continually capturing global market opportunities with our advanced technologies, and increasing our content per vehicle. As a result of increasing emissions standards requiring advanced aftertreatment products and systems, we believe available emission control content per light and commercial vehicles will continue to rise over the next several years. With our ELIM-NOx^tm technology, we offer an integrated Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system to meet the increasingly stringent emissions regulations being introduced around the world. We also believe that consumers’ greater emphasis on automotive comfort, handling and safety could allow available ride control content per light vehicle to rise. We are selling Continuously Controlled Electronic Suspension (CES) shock absorbers to Volvo, Audi, Mercedes, VW, and Ford, among others, and engineered elastomers to manufacturers with unique needs.

 

Growth in Adjacent Markets

 

One of our goals is to apply our existing design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities to penetrate a variety of adjacent markets and to achieve growth in higher-margin businesses. For example, we are aggressively leveraging our technology and engineering leadership in emission and ride control into adjacent markets, such as the heavy-duty market for trucks, buses, agricultural equipment, construction machinery and other commercial vehicles. As an established leading supplier of heavy-duty ride control and elastomer products, we are already serving customers like Volvo Truck, Navistar (International Truck and Engine), Freightliner and PACCAR. We also see tremendous opportunity to expand our presence with our emission control products and systems in the heavy-duty market beyond North America and Europe into China and elsewhere. Also, we recently added the ride control products and technologies of Gruppo Marzocchi to our existing exhaust systems for two-wheelers obtained from the Gabilan Manufacturing acquisition. With our newly-formed relationship with Caterpillar as its global diesel emission control system integration supplier, we demonstrate our commitment to penetrate the market for off-road equipment.

 

Growth in Developing Economies

 

We continue to adjust our global footprint to follow our customers into growth regions around the world and capture our fair share of new business. Recently, we built or expanded several facilities in India, opened a second emissions control facility in St. Petersburg, Russia, and opened a new manufacturing plant in Korea. As OEMs have entered the fast-growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Thailand, we have

followed, building the capability to engineer and produce locally cutting-edge technologies and products and thus allowing us to capture new business in these markets.

 

Leverage Global Engineering and Advanced System Capabilities

 

Given the current economic crisis, we are strategically managing engineering investments without compromising our long-term growth prospects, by focusing on developing technologies and capabilities tied to business launching within the next two to three years. An exception to that are those instances where the customer is paying upfront for engineering and advance technology developments on programs launching in 2012 and beyond. This strategy allows us to continue all programs critical to our growth with minimal near-term cash impact. We continue our long tradition of developing highly engineered systems and complex assemblies and modules designed to provide value-added solutions to customers and increase vehicle content generally and thus, generate higher profit margins than individualized components. Integrating electronically many of our engineering and manufacturing facilities globally, we believe, has helped us to maintain our presence on top-selling vehicles. In addition, our just-in-time and in-line sequencing manufacturing and distribution capabilities have enabled us to be more responsive to our customers’ needs.

 

Expand Our Aftermarket Business

 

We manufacture and market leading, brand-name products to a diversified global aftermarket customer base. Monroe^® ride control products and Walker^® emission control products, which have been offered to consumers since the 1930s, are two of the most recognized brand-name products in the automotive parts industry. We believe our brand equity in the aftermarket is a key asset especially as customers consolidate and channels of distribution converge.

 

Additionally, we seek to strengthen our competitive position with OEMs. Our market knowledge, coupled with our leading aftermarket presence, strengthens our ties with our OE customer base and drives acceptance of our aftermarket products and technologies for use in original equipment vehicle manufacturing.

 

We continue to emphasize product value differentiation with our brands, including the: Monroe Reflex^® and Monroe Sensa-Trac^® lines of shock absorbers, Walker’s Quiet-Flow^® muffler, Rancho^® ride control products, DynoMax^® exhaust products, Walker Ultra^tm catalytic converters, Monroe^® Dynamics and Ceramics brakes, and in European markets, Walker^tm and Aluminox Pro^tm mufflers.

 

Our plans to grow and gain market share in the aftermarket business call for: adding new products, increasing the coverage to current brands, and offering our brands to, and increasing our aftermarket penetration of, new product segments. To this end, we introduced in North America a ride control line extension, the Quick Strut which is a complete module incorporating the spring and upper mount. This product results in a much easier and quicker installation that even do-it-yourself consumers and body-shop technicians can perform without the special tools and skills required previously. In addition, Monroe^® Dynamics and Ceramic Disc brake pads were introduced in the United States in 2006. A number of other opportunities are being explored to extend our existing well-known brands, such as Monroe^®, and our product line generally to segments not previously served.

 

Execute Focused Transactions

 

In the past, we have successfully identified and capitalized on strategic acquisitions and alliances to achieve growth. Through these acquisitions and alliances, we have (1) expanded our product portfolio with complementary technologies; (2) realized incremental business from existing customers; (3) gained access to new customers; and (4) achieved leadership positions in geographic markets outside North America.

 

We signed exclusive licensing agreements for burner systems used in the regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) with Woodward Governor Company and for vaporizer technologies with another company. These technologies, which complemented our array of existing emissions control products, enabled us to provide integrated aftertreatment systems as demanded by commercial vehicle manufacturers and others.

We developed a strategic alliance with Futaba, a leading exhaust manufacturer in Japan, and formed a joint venture based in Burnley, England. We also created an alliance with Hitachi (as successor to Tokico Ltd. following its acquisition of Tokico), a leading Japanese ride control manufacturer. These alliances help us grow our business with Japan-based OEMs by leveraging the geographical reach of each partner to serve global vehicle platforms of these OEMs.

 

We established a presence in Thailand through a joint venture that supplies exhaust components for GM and Isuzu. Our joint venture operations in Dalian and Shanghai positioned us as a leading exhaust supplier in the rapidly growing Chinese market. Also, we increased our China footprint and OEM coverage on emission control products and systems through two joint ventures, partnering with Eberspächer International GmbH to source luxury cars produced by BMW and Audi, and with Chengdu Lingchuan Mechanical Plant to supply various Ford platforms.

 

Our operations in China are being expanded through investments in both manufacturing and engineering facilities. We opened our first wholly-owned operation in China, an elastomer manufacturing facility in Suzhou. In addition, through an extension of our joint venture with Shanghai Tractor and Engine Company, a subsidiary of Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp., we established a local engineering center to develop automotive exhaust products. Finally, we increased our ownership stake in the Tenneco (Beijing) Ride Control System Company Limited (a joint venture with Beijing Automotive Industry Corp.) from 51 percent to 65 percent in 2006.

 

In September 2007, we acquired the mobile emissions business of Combustion Components Associates, Inc., a manufacturer of air pollution control technologies. The acquisition augmented Tenneco’s system integration capabilities and offerings related to Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) technologies designed to meet future, more stringent diesel emissions regulations for passenger cars, trucks, and other vehicles.

 

In May 2008, we acquired from Delphi Automotive System LLC certain ride control assets at Delphi’s Kettering, Ohio facility to allow us to grow our OE ride control business globally. This acquisition should allow us to diversify our ride control business in North America and elsewhere.

 

In September 2008, we acquired the suspension business of Gruppo Marzocchi, an Italy-based worldwide leading supplier of suspension technology for the two-wheeler market. This acquisition diversifies our business beyond light vehicles and brings us strong brands, leading products and advanced technology capabilities.

 

In February 2009, we signed a joint agreement with GE Transportation, a unit of General Electric Company, to develop a proprietary SCR and aftertreatment technology designed to reduce and control diesel engine emissions for various transportation and other applications. We will collaborate with GE Transportation on the development and production of GE’s Hydrocarbon-Selective Catalytic Reduction catalyst technology (HC-SCR), a diesel aftertreatment innovation aimed at reducing harmful nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions as effectively as urea-based SCR systems. Additionally, we will work with GE Transportation to further develop and integrate the HC-SCR technology into complete aftertreatment systems for both locomotive and off-highway vehicle markets. Once fully developed, this technology will also be offered to customers in the on-road, marine and stationary power markets.

 

We intend to continue to pursue strategic alliances, joint ventures, acquisitions and other transactions that complement or enhance our existing products, technology, systems development efforts, customer base and/or global presence. We will align with companies that have proven products, proprietary technology, advanced research capabilities, broad geographic reach, and/or strong market positions to further strengthen our product leadership, technological edge, international reach or customer relationships.

 

Operational Excellence

 

We will continue to strive for operational excellence by optimizing our manufacturing and engineering footprint, enhancing our Six Sigma processes and Lean productivity tools, managing the complexities of our global supply chain to realize purchasing economies of scale while satisfying diverse and global requirements, and supporting our businesses with robust information technology systems. We will make investments in our operations and infrastructure as required to achieve our strategic goals. We will be mindful of the changing

market conditions that might necessitate adjustments to our resources and manufacturing capacity around the world. We will remain committed to protecting the environment as well as the health and safety of our employees.

 

Environmental Matters

 

We estimate that we and our subsidiaries will make expenditures for plant, property and equipment for environmental matters of approximately $2 million in both 2009 and 2010.

 

For additional information regarding environmental matters, see Item 3, “Legal Proceedings,” Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Environmental and Other Matters,” and Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements of Tenneco Inc. included in Item 8.

 

Employees

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 21,000 employees of which approximately 53 percent were covered by collective bargaining agreements. European works councils cover 22 percent of our total employees, a majority of whom are also included under collective bargaining agreements. Several of our existing labor agreements in the United States and Mexico are scheduled for renegotiation in 2009. In addition, agreements are expiring in 2009 in Europe and South America covering plants in France, Portugal, the United Kingdom and Brazil. We regard our employee relations as satisfactory.

 

Other

 

The principal raw material that we use is steel. We obtain steel from a number of sources pursuant to various contractual and other arrangements. We believe that an adequate supply of steel can presently be obtained from a number of different domestic and foreign suppliers. For the past several years, we have experienced higher steel prices which we have addressed by evaluating alternative materials and processes, reviewing material substitution opportunities, increasing component and assembly outsourcing to low cost countries and aggressively negotiating with our customers to allow us to recover these higher costs from them. While the global economic crisis has reduced the pressure on raw material prices, market prices remain volatile.

 

We hold a number of domestic and foreign patents and trademarks relating to our products and businesses. We manufacture and distribute our products primarily under the Walker^® and Monroe^® brand names, which are well-recognized in the marketplace and are registered trademarks. The patents, trademarks and other intellectual property owned by or licensed to us are important in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of our products.

 

The recent unprecedented deterioration in the global economy, global credit markets and the financial services industry has severely and negatively affected the automotive industry and our business, financial position and liquidity.

 

The current economic crisis arising out of the subprime mortgage market collapse and the resulting worldwide financial industry turmoil has resulted in a severe and global tightening of credit and liquidity crisis. As a result, nearly every major economy in the world now faces a widespread reduction of business activity, seized-up credit markets and rising unemployment. These conditions have led to a dramatic decline in the housing markets in the United States and Western Europe and low consumer confidence, which has resulted in delayed and reduced purchases of durable consumer goods such as automobiles. As a result, our OEM customers significantly reduced their production schedules during 2008, particularly in the second half of the year. OE production schedules for 2009 are projected to be at their lowest levels in decades and the outlook for 2009 is uncertain.

 

We face several additional or increased risks as a result of the current economic crisis and its significant impact on the automotive industry, including the following:

 

Disruptions in the financial markets are adversely impacting the availability and cost of credit which could materially and negatively affect our company.  The recent global financial crisis has materially and negatively impacted our business and our customers’ businesses in the U.S. and globally. Longer term disruptions in the capital and credit markets could further adversely affect our customers’ and our ability to access the liquidity that is necessary to fund our operations. These disruptions are also adversely affecting the U.S. and world economy, further negatively impacting consumer spending patterns in the automotive industry. Purchases of our customers’ products may be limited by their customers’ inability to obtain adequate financing for such purchases. In addition, as our customers and suppliers respond to rapidly changing consumer preferences, they may require access to additional capital. If that capital is not available or its cost is prohibitively high, their businesses would be negatively impacted which could result in further restructuring or even reorganization under bankruptcy laws. Any such negative impact, in turn, could materially and negatively affect our company either through loss of sales to any of our customers so affected or through inability to meet our commitments (or inability to meet them without excess expense) because of loss of supplies from any of our suppliers so affected. There are no assurances that government responses to these disruptions will restore consumer confidence or improve the liquidity of the financial markets.

 

In addition, lending institutions, including the lenders under our revolving credit facility, have suffered and may continue to suffer losses due to their lending and other financial relationships, especially because of the general weakening of the global economy and increased financial instability of many borrowers. As a result, lenders may become insolvent, which could affect the actual availability of credit under our revolving credit facility, or our ability to obtain other financing on satisfactory terms and in adequate amounts, if at all. If this were to occur, our sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and our financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 

Financial difficulties facing other automotive companies may have a material and adverse impact on us.  A number of companies in the automotive industry are, and over the last several years have been, facing severe financial difficulties. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have all announced significant restructuring actions in an effort to improve profitability and remain solvent. The North American automotive manufacturers are burdened with substantial structural and embedded costs, such as facility overhead as well as pension and healthcare costs, that have caused them to seek government financing and even discuss the possibility of bankruptcy. Automakers in other markets in the world are also experiencing difficulties from a weakened economy, tightening credit markets and reduced demand for their products. The automotive supply base in turn has also been faced with severe cash flow problems as a result of the significantly lower production levels of light vehicles, increases in certain raw material, commodity and energy costs and restricted access to additional liquidity through the credit markets. Several suppliers have filed for bankruptcy protection or ceased operations.

Severe financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, of any automotive manufacturer or significant automotive supplier would have a significant disruptive effect on the entire automotive industry, leading to supply chain disruptions and labor unrest, among other things. For example, if a parts supplier were to cease operations, it could force the automotive manufacturers to whom the supplier provides parts to shut down their operations. This, in turn, could force other suppliers, including us, to shut down production at plants that are producing products for these automotive manufacturers. Severe financial difficulties at any of our major suppliers could have a material adverse effect on us if we are unable to obtain on a timely basis the quantity and quality of components we require to produce our products.

 

Financial difficulties at any of our major customers could have a material adverse impact on us if such customer were unable to pay for the products we provide or we experience a loss of, or material reduction in, business from such customer. If any of our major customers cannot fund their operations or file for bankruptcy, we may incur significant write offs of accounts receivable, incur impairment charges or require additional restructuring actions beyond our current global restructuring plans. In addition, a bankruptcy filing by General Motors, Ford or a few of our other large customers could result in a default under our U.S. securitization agreement. Our inability to collect receivables in a timely manner or to sell receivables under our U.S. securitization program may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

 

Our failure to comply with the covenants contained in our senior credit facility or the indentures for our other debt instruments, including as a result of events beyond our control, could result in an event of default, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results and our financial condition.  Our senior credit facility and receivables securitization program in the U.S. require us to maintain certain financial ratios. Our senior credit facility and our other debt instruments require us to comply with various operational and other covenants. If there were an event of default under any of our debt instruments that was not cured or waived, the holders of the defaulted debt could cause all amounts outstanding with respect to that debt to be due and payable immediately. We cannot assure you that our assets or cash flow would be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments, either upon maturity or if accelerated, upon an event of default, or that, we would be able to refinance or restructure the payments on those debt securities.

 

For example, in February 2009, we sought an amendment to our senior credit facility to revise the financial ratios we are required to maintain thereunder. The revised financial ratios were based on a set of projections that we shared with our lenders. If, in the future, we are required to obtain similar amendments as a result of our inability to meet the financial ratios in those projections, there can be no assurance that those amendments will be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If, as or when required, we are unable to repay, refinance or restructure our indebtedness under our senior credit facility, or amend the covenants contained therein, the lenders under our senior credit facility could elect to terminate their commitments thereunder, cease making further loans and institute foreclosure proceedings against our assets. Under such circumstances, we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. In addition, any event of default or declaration of acceleration under one of our debt instruments could also result in an event of default under one or more of our other financing agreements, including our other debt instruments and/or the agreements under which we sell certain of our accounts receivable. This would have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, financial position and results of operations.

 

Our working capital requirements may negatively affect our liquidity and capital resources.  Our working capital requirements can vary significantly, depending in part on the level, variability and timing of our customers’ worldwide vehicle production and the payment terms with our customers and suppliers. Our liquidity could also be adversely impacted if our suppliers were to suspend normal trade credit terms and require payment in advance or payment on delivery of purchases. If our working capital needs exceed our cash flows from operations, we would look to our cash balances and availability for borrowings under our borrowing arrangements to satisfy those needs, as well as potential sources of additional capital, which may not be available on satisfactory terms and in adequate amounts, if at all.

 

Any further continuation of the global economic downturn or other factors that reduce consumer demand for our products or reduce prices could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.  Demand for and pricing of our products are subject to economic conditions and other factors

present in the various domestic and international markets where the products are sold. Demand for our OE products is subject to the level of consumer demand for new vehicles that are equipped with our parts. The level of new light vehicle purchases is cyclical, affected by such factors as general economic conditions, interest rates, consumer confidence, consumer preferences, patterns of consumer spending, fuel cost and the automobile replacement cycle.

 

As described above, the recent unprecedented deterioration in the global economy, global credit markets and the financial services industry has negatively impacted our operations, including by leading to a rapid decline in light vehicle purchases. In 2008, North American light vehicle production decreased 16 percent from 2007. European production was particularly impacted by the economic crisis and deteriorating industry conditions during the fourth quarter of 2008, when light vehicle production declined 27 percent as compared to the fourth quarter of 2007. In addition, significant increases in gasoline prices in the United States, particularly during the first half of 2008, accelerated the shift in the North American market away from light trucks, which tend to be higher margin products for OEMs and suppliers, to more fuel-efficient passenger cars. During 2008, SUV and pick-up truck business accounted for 54 percent of our North American OE revenues, down from 72 percent in 2007. A further decline in automotive sales and production would likely cause a decline in our sales to vehicle manufacturers, and could result in a decline in our results of operations and financial condition.

 

Demand for our aftermarket, or replacement, products varies based upon such factors as general economic conditions, the level of new vehicle purchases, which initially displaces demand for aftermarket products, the severity of winter weather, which increases the demand for certain aftermarket products, and other factors, including the average useful life of parts and number of miles driven.

 

The highly cyclical nature of the automotive industry presents a risk that is outside our control and that cannot be accurately predicted. For example, many predict that the current global economic crisis will continue well into 2009 and possibly 2010 and we cannot assure you that we would be able to maintain or improve our results of operations in a stagnant or recessionary economic environment. Further decreases in demand for automobiles and automotive products generally, or in the demand for our products in particular, could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

 

Our significant amount of debt makes us more sensitive to the effects of the global economic crisis; our level of indebtedness and provisions in our debt agreements could limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry.  Our significant amount of debt makes us more vulnerable to changes in our results of operations because a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations is dedicated to servicing our indebtedness and is not available for other purposes. Our level of indebtedness could have other negative consequences to us, including the following:

 

 

Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness depends on our ability to generate cash in the future. If we do not generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service and working capital requirements, we may need to seek additional financing or sell assets. This may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Without any such financing, we could be forced to sell assets to make up for any shortfall in our payment obligations under unfavorable circumstances.

As a result of the global credit market crisis, conditions for asset sales have become very difficult as tight global credit conditions have adversely affected the ability of potential buyers to finance such asset purchases. In addition, our senior credit agreement and our other debt agreements contain covenants which limit our ability to sell assets and also restrict the use of proceeds from any asset sale. Moreover, our senior credit facility is secured on a first priority basis by, among other things, substantially all of our and our subsidiary guarantors’ tangible and intangible domestic assets. If necessary, we may not be able to sell assets quickly enough or for sufficient amounts to enable us to meet our obligations.

 

In addition, our senior credit agreement and our other debt agreements contain other restrictive covenants that limit our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and our industry, including limitations on incurring additional indebtedness, making investments, granting liens and merging or consolidating with other companies. Our senior credit facility also requires us to maintain certain financial ratios. Complying with these restrictive covenants and financial ratios may impair our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs or to engage in other favorable business activities.

 

Declines in the price of our common stock could have an adverse effect on its liquidity.  Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE. The NYSE maintains continued listing requirements relating to, among other things, market capitalization and minimum stock price (including that the average closing price of common stock be not less than $1.00 for 30 consecutive trading days). On February 26, 2009, the NYSE notified issuers that it had submitted to the SEC an immediately effective rule that would suspend the $1.00 minimum price requirement and other capitalization standards on a temporary basis initially through June 30, 2009. Although we are currently in compliance with NYSE listing requirements, our stock price declined severely during 2008. If in the future we are unable to satisfy the NYSE criteria for continued listing, we would be notified by the NYSE and given an opportunity to take corrective action. If we are not brought into compliance after the cure period (generally six months), our stock could be subject to delisting. A delisting of common stock could negatively impact us by reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock and reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our common stock. This could negatively impact our ability to raise additional funds through equity financing, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We are dependent on large customers for future revenue. The loss of any of these customers or the loss of market share by these customers could have a material adverse impact on us.

 

We depend on major vehicle manufacturers for a substantial portion of our net sales. For example, during 2008, General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, and Daimler AG accounted for 20 percent, 11 percent, 8 percent, and 7 percent of our net sales, respectively. The loss of all or a substantial portion of our sales to any of our large-volume customers could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations by reducing cash flows and our ability to spread costs over a larger revenue base. We may make fewer sales to these customers for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to: (1) loss of awarded business; (2) reduced or delayed customer requirements; (3) strikes or other work stoppages affecting production by the customers; or (4) reduced demand for our customers’ products.

 

During the past several years, General Motors and Ford have lost market share particularly in the United States, primarily to Asian competitors. While we are actively targeting Japanese, Chinese and Korean automakers, any further market share loss by these North American-based and European-based automakers could, if we are unable to achieve increased sales to the Asian OE manufacturers, have a material adverse effect on our business.

 

We may be unable to realize sales represented by our awarded business, which could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

 

The realization of future sales from awarded business is inherently subject to a number of important risks and uncertainties, including the number of vehicles that our OE customers will actually produce, the timing of that production and the mix of options that our OE customers and consumers may choose. Prior to 2008, substantially all of our North American vehicle manufacturing customers had slowed or maintained at

relatively flat levels new vehicle production for several years. More recently, new vehicle production has decreased dramatically as a result of the global economic crisis. We believe that production volumes for 2009 will decline in most regions of the world due to the global economic crisis, current OE manufacturers’ inventory levels and uncertainty regarding the willingness or ability of OEMs to continue to support vehicle sales. In addition, our customers generally have the right to replace us with another supplier at any time for a variety of reasons and have demanded price decreases over the life of awarded business. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will in fact realize any or all of the future sales represented by our awarded business. Any failure to realize these sales could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

 

In many cases, we must commit substantial resources in preparation for production under awarded OE business well in advance of the customer’s production start date. In certain instances, the terms of our OE customer arrangements permit us to recover these pre-production costs if the customer cancels the business through no fault of our company. Although we have been successful in recovering these costs under appropriate circumstances in the past, we can give no assurance that our results of operations will not be materially impacted in the future if we are unable to recover these types of pre-production costs related to OE cancellation of awarded business.

 

The hourly workforce in the automotive industry is highly unionized and our business could be adversely affected by labor disruptions.

 

Although we consider our current relations with our employees to be satisfactory, if major work disruptions were to occur, our business could be adversely affected by, for instance, a loss of revenues, increased costs or reduced profitability. We have not experienced a material labor disruption in our workforce in the last ten years, but there can be no assurance that we will not experience a material labor disruption at one of our facilities in the future in the course of renegotiation of our labor arrangements or otherwise. In addition, substantially all of the hourly employees of North American vehicle manufacturers and many of their other suppliers are represented by the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America under collective bargaining agreements. Vehicle manufacturers and such suppliers and their employees in other countries are also subject to labor agreements. A work stoppage or strike at our production facilities, at those of a significant customer, or at a significant supplier of ours or any of our customers, such as the 2008 strike at American Axle which resulted in 30 General Motors’ facilities in North America being idled for several months, could have an adverse impact on us by disrupting demand for our products and/or our ability to manufacture our products.

 

We have experienced significant increases in raw materials pricing, and further changes in the prices of raw materials could have a material adverse impact on us.

 

Significant increases in the cost of certain raw materials used in our products, to the extent they are not timely reflected in the price we charge our customers or otherwise mitigated, could materially and adversely impact our results. For example, since 2004, we have experienced significant increases in processed metal and steel prices. While the global economic crisis has reduced the pressure on raw material prices, market prices remain volatile. We addressed these increases in 2006, 2007 and 2008 by evaluating alternative materials and processes, reviewing material substitution opportunities, increasing component and assembly outsourcing to low cost countries and aggressively negotiating with our customers to allow us to recover these higher costs from them. In addition to these actions, we continue to pursue productivity initiatives and review opportunities to reduce costs through restructuring activities. We cannot assure you, however, that these actions will be effective in containing margin pressures from any further raw material price increases.

 

We may be unable to realize our business strategy of improving operating performance, growing our business and generating savings and improvements.

 

We regularly implement strategic and other initiatives designed to improve our operating performance and grow our business. The failure to achieve the goals of these initiatives could have a material adverse effect on our business, particularly since we rely on these initiatives to offset pricing pressures from our suppliers and

our customers, as described above, as well as to manage the impacts of production cuts such as the significant production decreases we are experiencing as a result of the global economic crisis. Furthermore, the terms of our senior credit agreement may restrict the types of initiatives we undertake, as the agreement restricts our uses of cash, requires us to maintain financial ratios and otherwise prohibits us from undertaking certain activities. In the past we have been successful in obtaining the consent of our senior lenders where appropriate in connection with our initiatives. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to pursue, successfully implement or realize the expected benefits of any initiative or that we will be able to sustain improvements made to date.

 

In addition, we believe that increasingly stringent environmental standards for emissions have presented and will continue to present an important opportunity for us to grow our emissions control business. We cannot assure you, however, that environmental standards for emissions will continue to become more stringent or that the adoption of any new standards will not be delayed beyond our expectations.

 

We may incur material costs related to product warranties, environmental and regulatory matters and other claims, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

 

From time to time, we receive product warranty claims from our customers, pursuant to which we may be required to bear costs of repair or replacement of certain of our products. Vehicle manufacturers are increasingly requiring their outside suppliers to guarantee or warrant their products and to be responsible for the operation of these component products in new vehicles sold to consumers. Warranty claims may range from individual customer claims to full recalls of all products in the field. We cannot assure you that costs associated with providing product warranties will not be material, or that those costs will not exceed any amounts reserved in our consolidated financial statements. For a description of our accounting policies regarding warranty reserves, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies” included in Item 7.

 

Additionally, we are subject to a variety of environmental and pollution control laws and regulations in all jurisdictions in which we operate. Soil and groundwater remediation activities are being conducted at certain of our current and former real properties. We record liabilities for these activities when environmental assessments indicate that the remedial efforts are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. On this basis, we have established reserves that we believe are adequate for the remediation activities at our current and former real properties for which we could be held responsible. Although we believe our estimates of remediation costs are reasonable and are based on the latest available information, the cleanup costs are estimates and are subject to revision as more information becomes available about the extent of remediation required. In future periods, we could be subject to cash or non-cash charges to earnings if we are required to undertake material additional remediation efforts based on the results of our ongoing analyses of the environmental status of our properties, as more information becomes available to us.

 

We also from time to time are involved in legal proceedings, claims or investigations that are incidental to the conduct of our business. Some of these proceedings allege damages against us relating to environmental liabilities, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims, taxes, employment matters or commercial or contractual disputes. For example, we are subject to a number of lawsuits initiated by a significant number of claimants alleging health problems as a result of exposure to asbestos. Many of these cases involve significant numbers of individual claimants. Many of these cases also involve numerous defendants, with the number of defendants in some cases exceeding 200 defendants from a variety of industries. As major asbestos manufacturers or other companies that used asbestos in their manufacturing processes continue to go out of business, we may experience an increased number of these claims.

 

We vigorously defend ourselves in connection with all of the matters described above. We cannot, however, assure you that the costs, charges and liabilities associated with these matters will not be material, or that those costs, charges and liabilities will not exceed any amounts reserved for them in our consolidated financial statements. In future periods, we could be subject to cash costs or non-cash charges to earnings if any of these matters is resolved unfavorably to us. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial

Condition and Results of Operations — Environmental and Other Matters,” included in Item 7 for further description.

 

We may have difficulty competing favorably in the highly competitive automotive parts industry.

 

The automotive parts industry is highly competitive. Although the overall number of competitors has decreased due to ongoing industry consolidation, we face significant competition within each of our major product areas, including from new competitors entering the markets which we serve. The principal competitive factors include price, quality, service, product performance, design and engineering capabilities, new product innovation, global presence and timely delivery. As a result, many suppliers have established or are establishing themselves in emerging, low-cost markets to reduce their costs of production and be more conveniently located for customers. Although we are also pursuing a low-cost country production strategy and otherwise continue to seek process improvements to reduce costs, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to compete favorably in this competitive market or that increased competition will not have a material adverse effect on our business by reducing our ability to increase or maintain sales or profit margins.

 

The decreasing number of automotive parts customers and suppliers could make it more difficult for us to compete favorably.

 

Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected because the customer base for automotive parts is decreasing in both the original equipment market and aftermarket. As a result, we are competing for business from fewer customers. Due to the cost focus of these major customers, we have been, and expect to continue to be, requested to reduce prices as part of our initial business quotations and over the life of vehicle platforms we have been awarded. We cannot be certain that we will be able to generate cost savings and operational improvements in the future that are sufficient to offset price reductions requested by existing customers and necessary to win additional business.

 

Furthermore, the trend toward consolidation and bankruptcies among automotive parts suppliers is resulting in fewer, larger suppliers who benefit from purchasing and distribution economies of scale. If we cannot achieve cost savings and operational improvements sufficient to allow us to compete favorably in the future with these larger companies, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected due to a reduction of, or inability to increase, sales.

 

We may not be able to successfully respond to the changing distribution channels for aftermarket products.

 

Major automotive aftermarket retailers, such as AutoZone and Advance Auto Parts, are attempting to increase their commercial sales by selling directly to automotive parts installers in addition to individual consumers. These installers have historically purchased from their local warehouse distributors and jobbers, who are our more traditional customers. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or increase aftermarket sales through increasing our sales to retailers. Furthermore, because of the cost focus of major retailers, we have occasionally been requested to offer price concessions to them. Our failure to maintain or increase aftermarket sales, or to offset the impact of any reduced sales or pricing through cost improvements, could have an adverse impact on our business and operating results.

 

Longer product lives of automotive parts are adversely affecting aftermarket demand for some of our products.

 

The average useful life of automotive parts has steadily increased in recent years due to innovations in products and technologies. The longer product lives allow vehicle owners to replace parts of their vehicles less often. As a result, a portion of sales in the aftermarket has been displaced. This has adversely impacted, and could continue to adversely impact, our aftermarket sales. Also, any additional increases in the average useful lives of automotive parts would further adversely affect the demand for our aftermarket products. Recently, we have experienced relative stabilization in our aftermarket business due to our ability to win new customers and recover steel price increases through selling price increases. However, there can be no assurance that we will

be able to maintain this stabilization. Aftermarket sales represented approximately 19 percent and 18 percent of our net sales in 2008 and 2007, respectively.

 

Any acquisitions we make could disrupt our business and seriously harm our financial condition.

 

We may, from time to time, consider acquisitions of complementary companies, products or technologies. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including difficulties in the assimilation of the acquired businesses, the diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns and potential adverse effects on existing business relationships with current customers and suppliers. In addition, any acquisitions could involve the incurrence of substantial additional indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully integrate any acquisitions that we pursue or that such acquisitions will perform as planned or prove to be beneficial to our operations and cash flow. Any such failure could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We are subject to risks related to our international operations.

 

We have manufacturing and distribution facilities in many regions and countries, including Australia, China, India, North America, Europe and South America, and sell our products worldwide. For 2008, approximately 56 percent of our net sales were derived from operations outside North America. International operations are subject to various risks which could have a material adverse effect on those operations or our business as a whole, including:

 

 

Exchange rate fluctuations could cause a decline in our financial condition and results of operations.

 

As a result of our international operations, we generate a significant portion of our net sales and incur a significant portion of our expenses in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. To the extent we are unable to match revenues received in foreign currencies with costs paid in the same currency, exchange rate fluctuations in that currency could have a material adverse effect on our business. For example, where we have significantly more costs than revenues generated in a foreign currency, we are subject to risk if the foreign currency in which our costs are paid appreciates against the currency in which we generate revenue because the appreciation effectively increases our cost in that country.

 

The financial condition and results of operations of some of our operating entities are reported in foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rate for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. As a result, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies generally will have a negative impact on our reported revenues and operating profit while depreciation of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies will generally have a positive effect on reported revenues and operating profit. For example, our European operations were positively impacted in 2007 and 2006 due to the strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar. However, in 2008, the dollar strengthened against the Euro which had a negative effect on our results of operations. Our South American operations were negatively impacted by the devaluation in 2000 of the Brazilian currency as well as by the devaluation of the Argentine

currency in 2002. We do not generally seek to mitigate this translation effect through the use of derivative financial instruments.

 

Entering new markets poses new competitive threats and commercial risks.

 

As we have expanded into markets beyond light vehicles, we expect to diversify our product sales by leveraging technologies being developed for the light vehicle segment. Such diversification requires investments and resources which may not be available as needed. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in leveraging our capabilities into new markets and thus, in meeting the needs of these new customers and competing favorably in these new markets. If those customers experience reduced demand for their products or financial difficulties, our future prospects will be negatively affected as well.

 

Impairment in the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill could negatively affect our operating results.

 

We have a significant amount of long-lived assets and goodwill on our consolidated balance sheet. Under generally accepted accounting principles, long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, are required to be reviewed for impairment whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate a possible impairment. If business conditions or other factors cause profitability and cash flows to decline, we may be required to record non-cash impairment charges. Goodwill must be evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events indicate it is warranted. If the carrying value of our reporting units exceeds their current fair value as determined based on the discounted future cash flows of the related business, the goodwill is considered impaired and is reduced to fair value by a non-cash charge to earnings. Events and conditions that could result in impairment in the value of our long-lived assets and goodwill include changes in the industries in which we operate, particularly the impact of the current downturn in the global economy, as well as competition and advances in technology, adverse changes in the regulatory environment, or other factors leading to reduction in expected long-term sales or profitability. For example, during 2008 we were required to record a $114 million asset impairment charge to write-off the remaining goodwill related to our 1996 acquisition of Clevite Industries.

 

The value of our deferred tax assets could become impaired, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results.

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately $45 million in net deferred tax assets. These deferred tax assets include net operating loss carryovers that can be used to offset taxable income in future periods and reduce income taxes payable in those future periods. We periodically determine the probability of the realization of deferred tax assets, using significant judgments and estimates with respect to, among other things, historical operating results, expectations of future earnings and tax planning strategies. For example, we were required to record charges during 2008 for a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets. These charges were attributable to the significant decline in production which resulted from the current global economic crisis and the accounting requirement to project that the current negative operating environment will continue through the expiration of the net operating loss carry-forward periods. If we determine in the future that there is not sufficient positive evidence to support the valuation of these assets, due to the risk factors described herein or other factors, we may be required to further adjust the valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets. Such a reduction could result in material non-cash expenses in the period in which the valuation allowance is adjusted and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

 

Our expected annual effective tax rate could be volatile and materially change as a result of changes in mix of earnings and other factors.

 

Our overall effective tax rate is equal to our total tax expense as a percentage of our total profit or loss before tax. However, tax expenses and benefits are determined separately for each tax paying entity or group of entities that is consolidated for tax purposes in each jurisdiction. Losses in certain jurisdictions may provide no current financial statement tax benefit. As a result, changes in the mix of projected profits and losses between jurisdictions, among other factors, could have a significant impact on our overall effective tax rate.

 

None.

 

 

We lease our principal executive offices, which are located at 500 North Field Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois, 60045.

 

Walker’s consolidated businesses operate 11 manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and 41 manufacturing facilities outside of the U.S., operate five engineering and technical facilities worldwide and share two other such facilities with Monroe. Twenty-one of these manufacturing plants are JIT facilities. In addition, three joint ventures in which we hold a noncontrolling interest operate a total of three manufacturing facilities outside the U.S., two of which are JIT facilities.

 

Monroe’s consolidated businesses operate eight manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and 23 manufacturing facilities outside the U.S., operate seven engineering and technical facilities worldwide and share two other such facilities with Walker. Three of these manufacturing plants are JIT facilities.

 

The above-described manufacturing locations outside of the U.S. are located in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Italy, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand and the United Kingdom. We also have sales offices located in Algeria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Lithuania, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey and the Ukraine.

 

We own approximately one-half of the properties described above and lease the other half. We hold 14 of the above-described international manufacturing facilities through seven joint ventures in which we own a controlling interest. In addition, three joint ventures in which we hold a noncontrolling interest operate a total of three manufacturing facilities outside the U.S. We also have distribution facilities at our manufacturing sites and at a few offsite locations, substantially all of which we lease.

 

We believe that substantially all of our plants and equipment are, in general, well maintained and in good operating condition. They are considered adequate for present needs and, as supplemented by planned construction, are expected to remain adequate for the near future.

 

We also believe that we have generally satisfactory title to the properties owned and used in our respective businesses.

 

 

We are subject to a variety of environmental and pollution control laws and regulations in all jurisdictions in which we operate. We expense or capitalize, as appropriate, expenditures for ongoing compliance with environmental regulations that relate to current operations. We expense costs related to an existing condition caused by past operations that do not contribute to current or future revenue generation. We record liabilities when environmental assessments indicate that remedial efforts are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Estimates of the liability are based upon currently available facts, existing technology, and presently enacted laws and regulations taking into consideration the likely effects of inflation and other societal and economic factors. We consider all available evidence including prior experience in remediation of contaminated sites, other companies’ cleanup experiences and data released by the United States Environmental Protection Agency or other organizations. These estimated liabilities are subject to revision in future periods based on actual costs or new information. Where future cash flows are fixed or reliably determinable, we have discounted the liabilities. All other environmental liabilities are recorded at their undiscounted amounts. We evaluate recoveries separately from the liability and, when they are assured, recoveries are recorded and reported separately from the associated liability in our consolidated financial statements.

 

As of December 31, 2008, we were designated as a potentially responsible party in one Superfund site. Including the Superfund site, we may have the obligation to remediate current or former facilities, and we estimate our share of environmental remediation costs at these facilities to be approximately $11 million. For

the Superfund site and the current and former facilities, we have established reserves that we believe are adequate for these costs. Although we believe our estimates of remediation costs are reasonable and are based on the latest available information, the cleanup costs are estimates and are subject to revision as more information becomes available about the extent of remediation required. At some sites, we expect that other parties will contribute to the remediation costs. In addition, at the Superfund site, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act provides that our liability could be joint and several, meaning that we could be required to pay in excess of our share of remediation costs. Our understanding of the financial strength of other potentially responsible parties at the Superfund site, and of other liable parties at our current and former facilities, has been considered, where appropriate, in our determination of our estimated liability. We believe that any potential costs associated with our current status as a potentially responsible party in the Superfund site, or as a liable party at our current or former facilities, will not be material to our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

 

From time to time we are subject to product warranty claims whereby we are required to bear costs of repair or replacement of certain of our products. Warranty claims may range from individual customer claims to full recalls of all products in the field. We believe that our warranty reserve is appropriate; however, actual claims incurred could differ from the original estimates requiring adjustments to the reserve. The reserve is included in current and long-term liabilities on the balance sheet. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements of Tenneco Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries included in Item 8 for information regarding our warranty reserves.

 

We also from time to time are involved in legal proceedings, claims or investigations that are incidental to the conduct of our business. Some of these proceedings allege damages against us relating to environmental liabilities (including toxic tort, property damage and remediation), intellectual property matters (including patent, trademark and copyright infringement, and licensing disputes), personal injury claims (including injuries due to product failure, design or warnings issues, and other product liability related matters), taxes, employment matters, and commercial or contractual disputes, sometimes related to acquisitions or divestitures. For example, one of our Argentina subsidiaries is currently defending against a criminal complaint alleging the failure to comply with laws requiring the proceeds of export transactions to be collected, reported and/or converted to local currency within specified time periods. We vigorously defend ourselves against all of these claims. In future periods, we could be subjected to cash costs or non-cash charges to earnings if any of these matters is resolved on unfavorable terms. However, although the ultimate outcome of any legal matter cannot be predicted with certainty, based on current information, including our assessment of the merits of the particular claim, we do not expect that these legal proceedings or claims will have any material adverse impact on our future consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

 

In addition, we are subject to a number of lawsuits initiated by a significant number of claimants alleging health problems as a result of exposure to asbestos. A small percentage of claims have been asserted by railroad workers alleging exposure to asbestos products in railroad cars manufactured by The Pullman Company, one of our subsidiaries. Nearly all of the claims are related to alleged exposure to asbestos in our automotive emission control products. Only a small percentage of these claimants allege that they were automobile mechanics and a significant number appear to involve workers in other industries or otherwise do not include sufficient information to determine whether there is any basis for a claim against us. We believe, based on scientific and other evidence, it is unlikely that mechanics were exposed to asbestos by our former muffler products and that, in any event, they would not be at increased risk of asbestos-related disease based on their work with these products. Further, many of these cases involve numerous defendants, with the number of each in some cases exceeding 200 defendants from a variety of industries. Additionally, the plaintiffs either do not specify any, or specify the jurisdictional minimum, dollar amount for damages. As major asbestos manufacturers continue to go out of business or file for bankruptcy, we may experience an increased number of these claims. We vigorously defend ourselves against these claims as part of our ordinary course of business. In future periods, we could be subject to cash costs or non-cash charges to earnings if any of these matters is resolved unfavorably to us. To date, with respect to claims that have proceeded sufficiently through the judicial process, we have regularly achieved favorable resolution. During 2008, voluntary dismissals were initiated on behalf of 635 plaintiffs and are in process; we were dismissed from an additional 74 cases.

Accordingly, we presently believe that these asbestos-related claims will not have a material adverse impact on our future consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

 

No matters were submitted to the vote of security holders during the fourth quarter of 2008.

 

 

The following provides information concerning the persons who serve as our executive officers as of February 28, 2009.

 

 

Gregg M. Sherrill — Mr. Sherrill was named the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Tenneco in January 2007. Mr. Sherrill joined us from Johnson Controls Inc., where he served since 1998, most recently as President, Power Solutions. From 2002 to 2003, Mr. Sherrill served as the Vice President and Managing Director of Europe, South Africa and South America for Johnson Controls’ Automotive Systems Group. Prior to joining Johnson Controls, Mr. Sherrill held various engineering and manufacturing assignments over a 22-year span at Ford Motor Company, including Plant Manager of Ford’s Dearborn, Michigan engine plant and Director of Supplier Technical Assistance. Mr. Sherrill became a director of our company in January 2007.

 

Hari N. Nair — Mr. Nair was named our Executive Vice President and President — International effective March 2007. Previously, Mr. Nair served as Executive Vice President and Managing Director of our business in Europe, South America and India. Before that, he was Senior Vice President and Managing Director — International. Prior to December 2000, Mr. Nair was the Vice President and Managing Director — Emerging Markets. Previously, Mr. Nair was the Managing Director for Tenneco Automotive Asia, based in Singapore and responsible for all operations and development projects in Asia. He began his career with the former Tenneco Inc. in 1987, holding various positions in strategic planning, marketing, business development, quality and finance. Prior to joining Tenneco, Mr. Nair was a senior financial analyst at General Motors Corporation focusing on European operations.

 

Kenneth R. Trammell — Mr. Trammell has served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since January 2006. Mr. Trammell was named our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in September 2003, having served as our Vice President and Controller since September 1999. From April 1997 to November 1999, he served as Corporate Controller of Tenneco Inc. He joined Tenneco Inc. in May 1996 as Assistant Controller. Before joining Tenneco Inc., Mr. Trammell spent 12 years with the international public accounting firm of Arthur Andersen LLP, last serving as a senior manager.

 

Neal A. Yanos — Mr. Yanos was named Executive Vice President, North America in July 2008. Prior to that, he served as our Senior Vice President and General Manager — North American Original Equipment

Ride Control and North American Aftermarket since May 2003. He joined our Monroe ride control division as a process engineer in 1988 and since that time has served in a broad range of assignments including product engineering, strategic planning, business development, finance, program management and marketing, including Director of our North American original equipment GM/VW business unit and most recently as our Vice President and General Manager — North American Original Equipment Ride Control from December 2000. Before joining our company, Mr. Yanos was employed in various engineering positions by Sheller Globe Inc. from 1985 to 1988.

 

Brent J. Bauer — Mr. Bauer joined Tenneco Automotive in August 1996 as a Plant Manager and was named Vice President and General Manager — European Original Equipment Emission Control in September 1999. Mr. Bauer was named Vice President and General Manager — European and North American Original Equipment Emission Control in July 2001. Currently, Mr. Bauer serves as the Senior Vice President and General Manager — North American Original Equipment Emission Control. Prior to joining Tenneco, he was employed at AeroquipVickers Corporation for 20 years in positions of increasing responsibility serving most recently as Director of Operations.

 

Timothy E. Jackson — Mr. Jackson joined us as Senior Vice President and General Manager — North American Original Equipment and Worldwide Program Management in June 1999. He served in this position until August 2000, at which time he was named Senior Vice President — Global Technology. From 2002 to 2005, Mr. Jackson served as Senior Vice President — Manufacturing, Engineering and Global Technology. In July 2005, Mr. Jackson was named Senior Vice President — Global Technology and General Manager, Asia Pacific. In March 2007, he was named our Chief Technology Officer. Mr. Jackson joined us from ITT Industries where he was President of that company’s Fluid Handling Systems Division. With over 20 years of management experience, 14 within the automotive industry, he was also Chief Executive Officer for HiSAN, a joint venture between ITT Industries and Sanoh Industrial Company. Mr. Jackson has also served in senior management positions at BF Goodrich Aerospace and General Motors Corporation.

 

Richard P. Schneider — Mr. Schneider was named as our Senior Vice President — Global Administration in 1999 and is responsible for the development and implementation of human resources programs and policies and employee communications activities for our worldwide operations. Prior to 1999, Mr. Schneider served as our Vice President — Human Resources. He joined us in 1994 from International Paper Company where, during his 20 year tenure, he held key positions in labor relations, management development, personnel administration and equal employment opportunity.

 

David A. Wardell — Mr. Wardell joined Tenneco in May 2007 as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. He is responsible for managing the company’s worldwide legal affairs including corporate governance. Prior to joining Tenneco, Mr. Wardell was associated with Abbott Laboratories where he held several positions of increasing responsibility, most recently being named Associate General Counsel, Pharmaceutical Products Group Legal Operations in 2005. Before joining Abbott Laboratories, Mr. Wardell spent over ten years in the legal department of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, where he spent six years living and working in London, England providing legal support to various business units in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Mr. Wardell started his legal career as a New York County Assistant District Attorney.

 

Michael J. Charlton — Mr. Charlton was named our Vice President, Global Supply Chain Management and Manufacturing in November 2008. Mr. Charlton served as Tenneco’s Managing Director for India from January 2008 until November 2008. Prior to that, he served as the operations director for the Company’s emission control business in Europe since 2005. Prior to joining Tenneco in 2005, Mr. Charlton held a variety of positions of increasing responsibility at TRW Automotive, the most recent being Lead Director, European Purchasing and Operations for the United Kingdom.

 

Paul D. Novas — Mr. Novas was named our Vice President and Controller in July 2006. Mr. Novas served as Vice President, Finance and Administration for Tenneco Europe from January 2004 until July 2006 and as Vice President and Treasurer of Tenneco from November 1999 until January 2004. Mr. Novas joined Tenneco in 1996 as assistant treasurer responsible for corporate finance and North American treasury

operations. Prior to joining Tenneco, Mr. Novas worked in the treasurer’s office of General Motors Corporation for ten years.

 

 

Our outstanding shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share, are listed on the New York and Chicago Stock Exchanges. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Transactions Tape.

 

 

As of February 23, 2009, there were approximately 21,403 holders of record of our common stock, including brokers and other nominees.

 

The declaration of dividends on our common stock is at the discretion of our Board of Directors. The Board has not adopted a dividend policy as such; subject to legal and contractual restrictions, its decisions regarding dividends are based on all considerations that in its business judgment are relevant at the time. These considerations may include past and projected earnings, cash flows, economic, business and securities market conditions and anticipated developments concerning our business and operations.

 

We are highly leveraged and restricted with respect to the payment of dividends under the terms of our financing arrangements. On January 10, 2001, we announced that our Board of Directors eliminated the regular quarterly dividend on the Company’s common stock. The Board took this action in response to then-current industry conditions, primarily greater than anticipated production volume reductions by OEMs in North America and continued softness in the global aftermarket. We have not paid dividends on our common stock since the fourth quarter of 2000. There are no current plans to reinstate a dividend on our common stock, as the Board of Directors intends to retain any earnings for use in our business for the foreseeable future. For additional information concerning our payment of dividends, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7.

 

See “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” included in Item 12 for information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans.

Purchase of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers

 

The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the fourth quarter of 2008. All of these purchases reflect shares withheld upon vesting of restricted stock to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations.

 

 

We presently have no publicly announced repurchase plan or program, but intend to continue to satisfy statutory minimum tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of outstanding restricted stock through the withholding of shares.

 

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 

None.

Share Performance

 

The following graph shows a five year comparison of the cumulative total stockholder return on Tenneco’s common stock as compared to the cumulative total return of two other indexes: a custom composite index (“Peer Group”) and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index. The companies included in the Peer Group are: ArvinMeritor Inc., American Axle & Manufacturing Co., Borg Warner Inc., Cummins Inc., Johnson Controls Inc., Lear Corp., Magna International Inc. and TRW Automotive Holdings Corp. (beginning in the second quarter of 2004). These comparisons assume an initial investment of $100 and the reinvestment of dividends.

 

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*

Among Tenneco, Inc., The S&P 500 Index

And A Peer Group

 

 

 

Copyright^© 2009 S&P, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 

 

The graph and other information furnished in the section titled “Share Performance” under this Part II, Item 5 of this Form 10-K shall not be deemed to be “soliciting” material or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 

TENNECO INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

 

 

 

 

NOTE: Our consolidated financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2008, which are discussed in the following notes, are included in this Form 10-K under Item 8.

 

 

 

 

As you read the following review of our financial condition and results of operations, you should also read our consolidated financial statements and related notes beginning on page 69.

 

Executive Summary

 

We are one of the world’s leading manufacturers of automotive emission control and ride control products and systems. We serve both original equipment (OE) vehicle designers and manufacturers and the repair and replacement markets, or aftermarket, globally through leading brands, including Monroe^®, Rancho^®, Clevite^® Elastomers and Fric Rot^tm ride control products and Walker^®, Fonos^tm, and Gillet^tm emission control products. Worldwide we serve more than 37 different original equipment manufacturers, and our products or systems are included on eight of the top 10 passenger car models produced for sale in Europe and eight of the top 10 light truck models produced for sale in North America for 2008. Our aftermarket customers are comprised of full-line and specialty warehouse distributors, retailers, jobbers, installer chains and car dealers. We operate 83 manufacturing facilities worldwide and employ approximately 21,000 people to service our customers’ demands.

 

The recent unprecedented deterioration in the global economy and global credit markets has negatively impacted global business activity in general, and specifically the automotive industry in which we operate. The market turmoil and tightening of credit, as well as the recent and dramatic decline in the housing market in the United States and Western Europe, have led to a lack of consumer confidence evidenced by a rapid decline in light vehicle purchases in 2008. Light vehicle production decreased by 16 percent in North America and five percent in Europe in 2008 from 2007 levels. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler in particular are burdened with substantial structural cost, such as pension and healthcare, that have impacted their profitability, and may ultimately result in severe financial difficulty, including bankruptcy.

 

In response to current economic conditions, some of our customers are expected to eliminate certain light vehicle models in order to remain financially viable. Changes in the models produced by our customers may have an adverse effect on our market share. Additionally, while we expect that light vehicle production volumes will recover in future years, continued declines in consumer demand may have an adverse effect on the financial condition of our OE customers, and on our future results of operations.

 

General Motors, Ford and Chrysler represented 20%, 11% and 2%, respectively, of our 2008 net sales and operating revenues. As of December 31, 2008, we had net receivables due from General Motors, Ford and Chrysler in North America that totaled $142 million. Financial difficulties at any of our major customers could have an adverse impact on the level of our future revenues and collection of our receivables if such customers were unable to pay for the products we provide or we experience a loss of, or significant reduction in, business from such customers. In addition, a bankruptcy filing by a significant customer could result in a condition of default under our U.S. accounts receivables securitization agreement, which would have an adverse effect on our liquidity.

 

Continued deterioration in the industry, or the bankruptcy or one or more of our major customers, may have an impact on our ability to meet future financial covenants which would require us to enter into negotiations with our senior credit lenders to request additional covenant relief. Such conditions and events may also result in incremental charges related to impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets, and in charges to record an additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

 

In the event that such financial difficulties or the bankruptcy of one of our major customers diminishes our future revenues or collection of receivables, we would pursue a range of actions to meet our cash flow needs. Such actions include additional restructuring initiatives and other cost reductions, sales of assets, reductions to working capital and capital spending, issuance of equity and other alternatives to enhance our financial and operating position.

 

Factors that continue to be critical to our success include winning new business awards, managing our overall global manufacturing footprint to ensure proper placement and workforce levels in line with business

needs, maintaining competitive wages and benefits, maximizing efficiencies in manufacturing processes, fixing or eliminating unprofitable businesses and reducing overall costs. In addition, our ability to adapt to key industry trends, such as a shift in consumer preferences to other vehicles in response to higher fuel costs and other economic and social factors, increasing technologically sophisticated content, changing aftermarket distribution channels, increasing environmental standards and extended product life of automotive parts, also play a critical role in our success. Other factors that are critical to our success include adjusting to economic challenges such as increases in the cost of raw materials and our ability to successfully reduce the impact of any such cost increases through material substitutions, cost reduction initiatives and other methods.

 

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As such, our ability to generate cash — both to fund operations and service our debt — is also a significant area of focus for our company. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further discussion of cash flows and “Risk Factors” included in Item 1A.

 

Total revenues for 2008 were $5.9 billion, a four percent decrease compared to 2007. Excluding the impact of currency and substrate sales, revenue was down $177 million, or four percent, driven primarily by lower OE production in North America, Europe and China and lower European aftermarket sales. Partially offsetting these declines were increased North American aftermarket sales and higher sales in South America and India.

 

Gross margin for 2008 was 14.4 percent, down 1.4 percentage points from 15.8 percent in 2007. Lower OE production volumes, the vehicle mix shift away from light trucks, manufacturing fixed cost absorption and currency losses negatively impacted overall gross margin. Partially offsetting these declines were the contributions from our new platform launches and lower restructuring charges.

 

Selling, general and administrative expense was down $7 million in 2008, at $392 million, including $22 million in restructuring and restructuring-related expense and $7 million in aftermarket changeover costs, compared to $399 million in 2007 which included $3 million in restructuring and restructuring-related expense and $5 million in aftermarket changeover costs. Lower administrative costs and intense efforts to cut discretionary spending drove the improvement. Engineering expense was $127 million and $114 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively, as we continued to make strategic investments in preparation for new platform launches and in the technology necessary for capturing future growth opportunities. In total, we reported selling, general, administrative and engineering expenses in 2008 at 8.8 percent of revenues, as compared to 8.3 percent of revenues in 2007.

 

Earnings before interest expense, taxes and minority interest (“EBIT”) was a loss of $3 million for 2008 compared to earnings of $252 million in 2007. Lower OE production, manufacturing fixed cost absorption, higher depreciation, restructuring and aftermarket changeover costs, the impact of the goodwill impairment charge and the negative impact of currency more than accounted for the year-over-year decline. Partially offsetting the decline were the contributions from our new platform launches, lower selling, general and administrative costs, and savings from our restructuring activities.

 

Results from Operations

 

Net Sales and Operating Revenues for Years 2008 and 2007

 

The following tables reflect our revenues for the years of 2008 and 2007. We present these reconciliations of revenues in order to reflect the trend in our sales in various product lines and geographic regions separately from the effects of doing business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We have not reflected any currency impact in the 2007 table since this is the base period for measuring the effects of currency during 2008 on our operations. We believe investors find this information useful in understanding period-to-period comparisons in our revenues.

 

Additionally, we show the component of our revenue represented by substrate sales in the following table. While we generally have primary design, engineering and manufacturing responsibility for OE emission control systems, we do not manufacture substrates. Substrates are porous ceramic filters coated with a catalyst — precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium. These are supplied to us by Tier 2 suppliers and directed by our OE customers. We generally earn a small margin on these components of the

system. As the need for more sophisticated emission control solutions increases to meet more stringent environmental regulations, and as we capture more diesel aftertreatment business, these substrate components have been increasing as a percentage of our revenue. While these substrates dilute our gross margin percentage, they are a necessary component of an emission control system. We view the growth of substrates as a key indicator that our value-add content in an emission control system is moving toward the higher technology hot-end gas and diesel business.

 

Our value-add content in an emission control system includes designing the system to meet environmental regulations through integration of the substrates into the system, maximizing use of thermal energy to heat up the catalyst quickly, efficiently managing airflow to reduce back pressure as the exhaust stream moves past the catalyst, managing the expansion and contraction of the emission control system components due to temperature extremes experienced by an emission control system, using advanced acoustic engineering tools to design the desired exhaust sound, minimizing the opportunity for the fragile components of the substrate to be damaged when we integrate it into the emission control system and reducing unwanted noise, vibration and harshness transmitted through the emission control system.

 

We present these substrate sales separately in the following table because we believe investors utilize this information to understand the impact of this portion of our revenues on our overall business and because it removes the impact of potentially volatile precious metals pricing from our revenues. While our original equipment customers generally assume the risk of precious metals pricing volatility, it impacts our reported revenues. Excluding “substrate” catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter sales removes this impact.