e424b5
The information
contained in this preliminary prospectus supplement and the
accompanying prospectus is not complete and may be changed. This
preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus are not an offer to sell these securities, and we are
not soliciting offers to buy these securities, in any state
where the offer or sale is not
permitted.
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Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-121816
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PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT |
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION |
October 10, 2006 |
(To Prospectus dated January 19, 2005)
5,000,000 Shares
Common Stock
We are offering 5,000,000 shares of common stock to be sold
in this offering. We will receive all of the net proceeds from
the sale of such common stock.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or
NYSE, under the symbol LUM. The last reported sale
price of our common stock on October 6, 2006 was
$10.39 per share.
Our common stock is subject to certain restrictions on
ownership. See Description of Capital Stock on
page 24 of the accompanying prospectus.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk.
Before buying any shares, you should read the discussion of
material risks of investing in our common stock under the
caption Risk Factors in our
Form 10-K Annual
Report for the year ended December 31, 2005 and our
Form 10-Q
Quarterly Report for the six months ended June 30, 2006
which are incorporated by reference in the accompanying
prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state
securities commission has approved or disapproved these
securities or determined if this prospectus supplement and the
accompanying prospectus are truthful or complete. Any
representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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Public offering price
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Underwriting discounts and commissions
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Proceeds, before expenses, to us
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The underwriters may also purchase up to an additional
750,000 shares from us at the public offering price, less
underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us to cover
over-allotments, if any, within 30 days from the date of
this prospectus supplement. If the underwriters exercise the
option in full, the total underwriting discounts and commissions
will be
$ ,
and the total proceeds, before expenses, to us will be
$ .
The underwriters are offering the shares of our common stock as
set forth under Underwriting. Delivery of the shares
of common stock will be made on or about
October , 2006.
Sole Book-Running Manager
UBS Investment Bank
JMP Securities
The date of this Prospectus Supplement is
October , 2006
You should rely only on the information contained in or
incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus. We have not, and the underwriters
have not, authorized any one to provide you with additional
information or information that is different from that contained
in this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus. We
are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our
common stock only in jurisdictions where offers or sales are
permitted. The information appearing in this prospectus
supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents
incorporated therein by reference is accurate only as of its
respective date or dates or on the date or dates that are
specified in these documents, regardless of the time of delivery
of this prospectus supplement or any sale of shares of our
common stock.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Prospectus Supplement |
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S-ii |
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S-1 |
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S-7 |
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S-8 |
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S-9 |
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S-10 |
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S-11 |
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S-12 |
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S-18 |
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S-22 |
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S-22 |
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Prospectus |
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
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(ii) |
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About This Prospectus
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1 |
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Luminent Mortgage Capital, Inc.
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Summary of the Securities Offered by This Prospectus
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5 |
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Risk Factors
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Use of Proceeds
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23 |
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Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges
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Description of Capital Stock
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24 |
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Description of Debt Securities
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Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and Our Charter and Bylaws
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Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
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Plan of Distribution
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Legal Matters
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61 |
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Experts
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Where You Can Find More Information/ Incorporation by Reference
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61 |
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S- i
Special note regarding forward-looking statements
This preliminary prospectus supplement, and the accompanying
prospectus, contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking
statements convey our current expectations or forecasts of
future events. All statements contained in this preliminary
prospectus supplement, and the accompanying prospectus, other
than statements of historical fact are forward-looking
statements. Forward-looking statements include statements
regarding our future financial position, business strategy,
budgets, projected costs, plans and objectives of management for
future operations. The words may continue,
estimate, intend, project,
believe, expect, plan,
anticipate and similar terms may identify
forward-looking statements, but the absence of such words does
not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
These forward-looking statements include, among other things,
statements about:
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the flattening of, or other
changes in the yield curve, on our investment strategies;
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changes in interest rates and
mortgage prepayment rates;
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our ability to obtain or renew
sufficient funding to maintain our leverage strategies;
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continued creditworthiness of
the holders of mortgages underlying our mortgage-related assets;
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the possible effect of negative
amortization of mortgages on our financial condition and REIT
qualification;
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potential impacts of our
leveraging policies on our net income and cash available for
distribution;
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the power of our board of
directors to change our operating policies and strategies
without stockholder approval;
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effects of interest rate caps on
our adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate loans and
mortgage-backed securities;
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the degree to which our hedging
strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate
volatility;
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our ability to invest up to 10%
of our investment portfolio in residuals, leveraged mortgage
derivative securities and shares of other REITs as well as other
investments; and
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volatility in the timing and
amount of our cash distributions.
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Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this preliminary
prospectus supplement, or the accompanying prospectus, may turn
out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking
statements largely on our current expectations and projections
about future events and future trends that we believe may affect
our financial condition, results of operations, business
strategy and financial needs. They may be affected by inaccurate
assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and
uncertainties, including the risks, uncertainties and
assumptions described under the caption Risk Factors
in the accompanying prospectus and in the documents incorporated
by reference therein. In light of these risks, uncertainties and
assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances
discussed in this preliminary prospectus supplement, in the
accompanying prospectus and in the documents incorporated
therein by reference may not occur as contemplated, and actual
results could differ materially from those anticipated or
implied by our forward-looking statements.
You should not rely unduly on those forward-looking statements,
which speak only as of the date of this preliminary prospectus
supplement. Unless required by the federal securities laws, we
undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any
forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future
events or otherwise. You should, however, review the factors and
risks we describe in the reports we file from time to time with
the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, after the date
of this preliminary prospectus supplement.
S- ii
Prospectus supplement summary
This summary highlights selected information contained
elsewhere in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus or incorporated in the accompanying prospectus by
reference. While this summary highlights what we consider to be
the most important information about us, you should read
carefully this entire prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus, especially the risks of investing in our common
stock, which we reference under the caption Risk
Factors in our annual report on
Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 and under the caption
Risk Factors in our quarterly reports on
Form 10-Q for
subsequent fiscal quarters, all of which are incorporated by
reference in the accompanying prospectus, and the information
set forth under the caption Where You Can Find More
Information on page 61 of the accompanying
prospectus. Unless the context otherwise requires, all
references to we, our and us
in this prospectus supplement mean Luminent Mortgage Capital,
Inc. and all entities owned or controlled by us except where it
is made clear that the term means only the parent company.
THE COMPANY
We are a real estate investment trust, or REIT, which invests in
two core mortgage investment strategies. Our Residential
Mortgage Credit strategy invests in mortgage loans originated in
cooperation with selected high-quality providers within certain
established criteria as well as subordinated mortgage-backed
securities that have credit ratings below AAA. Our Spread
strategy invests primarily in US agency and other highly-rated
single-family, adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate
mortgage-backed securities and leverages these investments
through repurchase agreements and commercial paper.
Our primary objective is to provide a secure stream of income
for our stockholders based on the steady and reliable payment of
residential mortgages made to borrowers of prime credit quality.
When we began investing in 2003, we followed a Spread strategy
exclusively. While this strategy has a nominal level of credit
risk, it has considerable interest rate exposure. The
persistently flat yield curve and the ongoing Federal Reserve
rate increases since June 2004 pressured our ability to provide
steady income to our stockholders. As a result, we adopted our
Residential Mortgage Credit strategy in 2005.
During the first six months of 2006, we repositioned our
portfolios in order to reduce our exposure to interest rate
volatility. At June 30, 2006, our Residential Mortgage
Credit portfolio represented approximately 73% of our overall
investment portfolio. Our Residential Mortgage Credit portfolio
holds investments that are less sensitive to interest rate risk
and therefore provide a basis for dividend stability and growth.
As a further result of this repositioning, approximately 85% of
the securities in our Spread portfolio consist of
mortgage-backed securities with interest rates that reset within
one month or less.
Through our Residential Mortgage Credit strategy, we seek
long-term reliable income for our stockholders primarily through
the purchase of mortgage assets that we design and originate in
cooperation with selected high quality providers with whom we
have long and well-established relationships. We then securitize
those loans and retain the most valuable tranches of the
securitizations. These securitizations reduce our sensitivity to
interest rate risk and help match the income we earn on our
mortgage assets with the cost of our related liabilities. The
debt that we incur in these securitizations is non-recourse to
us; however, our mortgage loans are pledged as collateral for
the securities we issue. As a secondary strategy, we invest in
subordinated mortgage-backed securities that have credit ratings
below AAA. We make these investments on an opportunistic basis,
as we discover value and credit arbitrage opportunities in the
market.
We have acquired and will seek to acquire additional assets that
will produce competitive returns, taking into consideration the
amount and nature of the anticipated returns from the
investments, our ability to pledge the investments for secured,
collateralized borrowings and the costs associated with
financing, managing, securitizing and reserving for these
investments.
S- 1
During July 2006, we established a relationship with Central
Mortgage Co. that services our residential mortgage loans for a
fee. This relationship enables us to purchase residential
mortgage loans with servicing released while maintaining our
operational efficiency. As a result, we are able to expand the
network of originators from whom we can purchase residential
mortgage loans without generating a servicing asset that we
would need to own and hedge.
We manage our Residential Mortgage Credit strategy assets and
our Spread strategy assets.
ASSETS
We invest in mortgage-related assets within two core mortgage
investment strategies. Our Residential Mortgage Credit strategy
investments are in residential mortgage loans as well as
mortgage-backed securities that have credit ratings below AAA.
Our Spread strategy investments are primarily in US agency and
other AAA-rated single-family, adjustable-rate and hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. We review the credit
risk associated with each potential investment and may diversify
our portfolio to avoid undue geographic, product, originator,
servicer and other types of concentrations. By maintaining a
large percentage of our assets in a highly diversified pool of
high quality, highly-rated assets, we believe we can mitigate
our exposure to losses from credit risk. We have significant
credit enhancement that protects our investment in the assets we
own that are not rated AAA or better. We employ rigorous due
diligence and underwriting criteria to qualify whole loan assets
for our portfolio in order to mitigate risk. This due diligence
includes performing compliance sampling in states with predatory
lending statutes, valuation analysis and layered credit risk
analysis using a suite of software screening tools.
COMPLIANCE WITH REIT AND INVESTMENT COMPANY REQUIREMENTS
We monitor our investment securities and the income from those
securities on a regular basis. To the extent we enter into
hedging transactions, we monitor income from our hedging
transactions as well, so as to ensure that we maintain our
qualification as a REIT and our exempt status under the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act.
OUR BUSINESS STRATEGY
Investment Strategy
In our Residential Mortgage Credit portfolio, we invest in
residential mortgage loans underwritten to our specifications in
cooperation with selected high-quality originators with whom we
have long-term relationships. The loans we acquire are first
lien, single-family residential adjustable-rate and hybrid
adjustable-rate loans with original terms to maturity of not
more than 40 years. All residential mortgage loans we
acquire for our portfolio bear an interest rate tied to an
interest rate index. Most loans have periodic and lifetime
constraints on how much the loan interest rate can change on any
predetermined interest rate reset date. The interest rate on
each adjustable-rate mortgage loan resets monthly, semi-annually
or annually and generally adjusts to a margin over a US Treasury
index, moving Treasury average or LIBOR index. Hybrid
adjustable-rate loans have a fixed rate for an initial period,
generally three to 10 years, and then convert to
adjustable-rate loans for their remaining term to maturity. The
originator performs the credit review of the borrower, the
appraisal of the property and quality control procedures we
specify. Generally, our whole loan target market includes prime
borrowers with average FICO scores greater than 700, Alt-A
documentation, geographic diversification, owner-occupied
property, moderate loan size and moderate
loan-to-value ratio. We
or a third party then perform an independent underwriting review
of the underwriting and loan closing methodologies that the
originators used in qualifying a borrower for a loan. Depending
on the size of the purchase commitment, we may not review all of
the loans in a pool, but rather select loans for underwriting
review based upon specific risk-based criteria such as property
location, loan size, effective
loan-to-value ratio,
borrowers credit score and other criteria we believe to be
important indicators of credit risk. We also obtain
representations and warranties from each originator to the
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effect that each loan has been underwritten to our requirements
or underwriting exceptions have been made known to us as part of
our evaluation. An originator who breaches its representations
and warranties may be obligated to repurchase the loan from us.
As added security, we retain a third-party document custodian to
insure the quality and accuracy of all individual mortgage loan
closing documents and to hold the documents in safekeeping. As a
result, all of the original loan collateral documents that are
signed by the borrower, other than the original credit
verification documents, are examined, verified and held by the
custodian.
In general, the servicers servicing our loans are highly-rated
by the rating agencies. We also conduct a due diligence review
of each servicer before executing a servicing agreement.
Servicing procedures typically follow Fannie Mae guidelines but
are specified in each servicing agreement. All of our servicing
agreements meet standards for inclusion in highly-rated
mortgage-backed or asset-backed securitizations.
We acquire residential mortgage loans for our portfolio with the
intention of securitizing them and retaining interests in the
securitized mortgage loans in our portfolio. In order to
facilitate the securitization or financing of our loans, we
generally create subordinate certificates, which provide a
specified amount of credit enhancement. We issue securities
through securities underwriters and either retain these
securities or finance them through repurchase agreements.
An additional channel of our Residential Mortgage Credit
strategy is investment in credit-sensitive residential mortgage
securities from securitizations where we did not contribute
collateral. These mortgage-backed securities have credit ratings
below AAA, and are sometimes referred to as subordinated
residential mortgage-backed securities, or SRMBS. We analyze the
basic parameters of a SRMBS (i.e., sector, rating and cash flow)
and the available financing on the SRMBS and then perform a
yield analysis to ascertain if the SRMBS meets our hurdle rates
for return. If a security meets the applicable hurdle rate, the
loan credit characteristics are evaluated and compared to
specific guidelines. Credit characteristics include, but are not
limited to, loan balance distribution, geographic concentration,
property type, occupancy, periodic and lifetime cap,
weighted-average
loan-to-value and
weighted-average FICO score. Qualifying securities are then
analyzed using base line expectations of expected prepayments
and losses from given sectors, issuers and the current state of
the fixed income market. Losses and prepayments are stressed
simultaneously based on a credit risk-based model. Securities in
this portfolio are monitored for variance from expected
prepayments, frequencies, severities, losses and cash flow.
Our Spread portfolio invests in US agency and other AAA-rated
single-family adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate
mortgage-backed securities. We acquire these investments in the
secondary market. We seek to acquire assets that will produce
competitive returns after considering the amount and nature of
the anticipated returns from the investment, our ability to
pledge the investment for secured, collateralized borrowings and
the costs associated with financing, managing, securitizing and
reserving for these investments.
Future interest rates and mortgage prepayment rates are
difficult to predict and, as a result, we seek to build an
investment portfolio that we believe provides acceptable returns
over a broad range of interest rate and prepayment scenarios.
When evaluating new acquisitions for our portfolio, we analyze
whether the purchase will permit us to continue to satisfy the
SEC requirement that we maintain at least 55% of our assets in
qualifying real estate assets so that we are not deemed to be an
investment company under the 1940 Act. We also assess the
relative value. Many aspects of a mortgage-backed security or
loan pool, and the dynamic interaction of these characteristics
with those of our portfolio, can influence our valuation
analysis. The characteristics of each potential investment that
we generally analyze include, but are not limited to,
origination year, originator, coupon, margin, periodic cap,
lifetime cap,
time-to-reset,
loan-to-value,
geographic dispersion and expectations as to price and
prepayment. We do not assign a particular weight to any factor
because the relative importance of these factors varies
depending upon the characteristics we seek for our portfolio and
our borrowing cost structure.
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Typically, we engage in various hedging activities designed to
match the terms of our assets and liabilities more closely.
Hedging involves risk and typically involves costs, including
transaction costs. The costs of hedging can increase as the
periods covered by the hedging increase. During periods of
rising and volatile interest rates, we may increase our hedging
and, thus, increase our hedging costs during such periods. We
generally hedge as much of the interest rate risk as we
determine is in the best interest of our stockholders, after
considering the cost of such hedging transactions and our desire
to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our policies do not
contain specific requirements as to the percentage or amount of
interest rate risk that we hedge. Our hedging activities may not
have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations
or financial condition. Moreover, no hedging activity can
completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in
interest rates and prepayment rates.
At June 30, 2006, we had entered into various derivative
instruments to mitigate our interest rate risk. Prior to
January 1, 2006, we entered into derivative contracts that
were accounted for under hedge accounting as prescribed by
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS,
No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Activities, as amended and interpreted. Effective
January 1, 2006, we discontinued the use of hedge
accounting and, as a result, all changes in the value of
derivative instruments that had previously been accounted for
under hedge accounting are now reflected in our consolidated
statement of operations rather than primarily through
accumulated other comprehensive income and loss on our
consolidated balance sheet. In general, rising interest rates
will increase, while declining interest rates will decrease, the
value of our derivative instruments. We expect this change to
introduce some volatility into our results of operations, as the
market value of our hedge positions changes. This volatility
does not affect our taxable net income for federal income tax
purposes.
Financing Strategy
We employ a leverage strategy to increase our mortgage-related
assets by borrowing against our mortgage-related assets and
using the proceeds to acquire additional mortgage-related
assets. We actively manage the adjustment periods and the
selection of the interest rate indices of our borrowings against
the interest rate adjustment periods and the selection of
interest rate indices on our mortgage-backed securities and our
residential mortgage loans in order to manage our liquidity and
interest rate-related risks.
We finance the acquisition of our mortgage-backed securities
using repurchase agreements and loans with a term of less than
one year and, to a lesser extent, equity capital. After
analyzing the then-applicable interest rate yield curves, we may
finance with long-term borrowings from time to time depending
upon the amount of our equity capital, among other factors. We
generally seek to diversify our exposure by entering into
repurchase agreements with multiple lenders. In addition, we
only enter into repurchase agreements with institutions that we
believe are financially sound and that meet credit standards
approved by our board of directors. We intend to finance our
future purchases of mortgage-backed securities in this manner as
well as through a single-seller commercial paper program we
established in August 2006.
At June 30, 2006, we had borrowing arrangements in the form
of repurchase agreements with 20 different investment banking
firms and other lenders, 13 of which were in use as of that
date. The repurchase agreements are secured by our
mortgage-backed securities. We renew repurchase agreement
liabilities as they mature under the then-applicable borrowing
terms of the counterparties to our repurchase agreements.
The residential mortgage loans we acquire are financed initially
through our warehouse lending facilities. Our intent is to
securitize the loans and finance them permanently through the
issuance of non-recourse mortgage-backed notes. In order to
facilitate the securitization of these loans, we generally
create subordinate certificates that provide a specified amount
of credit enhancement, which we intend to retain in our
portfolio. We use proceeds from our securitizations to pay down
the
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outstanding balance of our warehouse lending facilities. Our
objective is to match the income that we earn on our mortgage
loans, plus the benefit of any hedging activities, with the cost
of the liabilities related to our mortgage loans, a process
known as match-funding our balance sheet.
At June 30, 2006, non-recourse mortgage-backed notes we
issued were the primary source of funding for our loan
origination and securitization portfolio. In addition, we have a
$500 million warehouse lending facility with Bear Stearns
Mortgage Capital Corporation that we established in October 2005
and a $1 billion warehouse lending facility with Greenwich
Financial Products, Inc. that we established in January 2006.
All of these warehouse lending facilities are structured as
repurchase agreements. In July 2006, we established a
$1 billion warehouse lending facility with Barclays Bank
plc that is also structured as a repurchase agreement. In August
2006, we closed a $1 billion single-seller commercial paper
program to finance our purchases of Agency and AAA-rated
mortgage assets. In October 2006, we entered into an agreement
with RBS Greenwich Capital whereby RBS will finance our purchase
of up to $500 million in asset-backed securities. In
October 2006, we also entered into a $435 million term
repurchase agreement with Barclays Capital.
Growth Strategy
In addition to the strategies described above, we use other
strategies to seek to generate earnings and distributions to our
stockholders, including:
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increasing the size of our
balance sheet at a rate faster than the rate of increase in our
operating expenses; and
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lowering our effective borrowing
costs over time by seeking direct funding with collateralized
lenders.
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
We completed the securitization of approximately
$773 million of residential mortgage loans at the end of
September 2006. We plan to continue to purchase high-quality
adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans for our Residential
Mortgage Credit portfolio.
We plan to further finance our Residential Mortgage Credit
portfolio utilizing collateralized debt obligations which will
allow us long-term, non-recourse financing for our
credit-sensitive bond portfolio.
In July 2006, we established a $1 billion warehouse lending
facility, in the form of a repurchase agreement, with Barclays
Bank plc.
In July 2006, our $2.5 billion securitization shelf
registration statement was declared effective by the SEC. Under
this shelf registration statement, we may administer our own
securitizations by offering securities collateralized by loans
we acquire.
During July 2006, we established a relationship with Central
Mortgage Co. to service selected residential mortgage loans.
This relationship allows us to purchase residential mortgage
loans with servicing released while maintaining our objective of
operational efficiency. As a result, we are expanding the
network of originators from whom we can purchase residential
mortgage loans without generating a servicing asset that we
would need to own and hedge.
In August 2006, we closed a $1 billion single-seller
commercial paper program to finance our purchases of Agency and
AAA-rated mortgage-backed securities.
At August 31, 2006, our book value per share was $10.13.
On September 28, 2006, our board of directors declared a
regular quarterly dividend of $0.30 per share payable on
November 6, 2006 to stockholders of record as of the close
of business on October 9, 2006. On October 10, 2006,
our board of directors declared a special dividend of
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$0.075 per share payable on November 10, 2006 to
stockholders of record as of the close of business on
October 20, 2006.
CORPORATE INFORMATION
Our principal executive offices are located at 101 California
Street, Suite 1350, San Francisco, California. Our
telephone number is (415) 217-4500. Our website is
http://www.luminentcapital.com. The contents of our
website are not a part of this preliminary prospectus supplement
or the accompanying prospectus.
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The offering
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Common stock we are offering |
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5,000,000 shares |
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Common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
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44,065,245 shares |
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Use of proceeds after expenses |
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We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to purchase
mortgage assets as part of our Residential Mortgage Credit and
Spread strategies. We also intend to use a portion of the net
proceeds from this offering for other general corporate
purposes, which may include additional investments. |
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NYSE symbol |
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LUM |
The number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately
after the closing of this offering is based on
39,065,245 shares of our common stock outstanding as of
June 30, 2006.
The number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately
after this offering excludes 55,000 shares of our common
stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as
of June 30, 2006 under our equity incentive plan at a
weighted-average exercise price of $14.82 per share.
Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this preliminary
prospectus supplement assumes that the underwriters do not
exercise their option to purchase up to 750,000 additional
shares of our common stock to cover over-allotments, if any.
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Risk factors
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk.
You should carefully consider all of the risks described under
Risk Factors beginning on page 6 of the
accompanying prospectus, as well as the other information
contained in, or incorporated by reference into, the
accompanying prospectus, including the information under
Risk Factors in our
Form 10-K annual
report for the year ended December 31, 2005 and our
Form 10-Q
quarterly report for the six months ended June 30, 2006. If
any of these risks actually occurs, it could materially harm our
business and our financial condition and results of operations.
In this event, the market price of our common stock could
decline and you may lose part or all of your investment.
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Use of proceeds
We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of the
5,000,000 shares of common stock we are offering will be
approximately
$ million
after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the
estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters
exercise their overallotment option in full, we estimate the net
proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately
$ million.
We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to fund the
growth of our business, principally our Residential Mortgage
Credit and Spread strategies, through the purchase of additional
mortgage assets.
S- 9
Dividends and dividend policy
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must distribute at
least 90% of our net taxable income to our stockholders each
year. We have done so in the past and intend to continue to do
so in the future through the declaration and payment of regular
quarterly dividends. We have a dividend reinvestment plan that
enables stockholders to reinvest dividends automatically in
additional shares of our common stock.
The following table sets forth the per share cash distributions
we have declared through October 10, 2006 of our current
fiscal year and our two prior fiscal years.
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Cash dividends | |
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declared per share | |
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Declaration date | |
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2006:
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First Quarter
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$ |
0.05 |
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March 31, 2006 |
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Second Quarter
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0.20 |
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June 12, 2006 |
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Third Quarter
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0.30 |
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September 28, 2006 |
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Special Dividend
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0.075 |
* |
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October 10, 2006 |
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Fourth Quarter
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2005:
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First Quarter
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$ |
0.36 |
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March 31, 2005 |
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Second Quarter
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0.27 |
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June 29, 2005 |
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Third Quarter
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0.11 |
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September 30, 2005 |
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Fourth Quarter
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0.03 |
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December 20, 2005 |
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2004:
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First Quarter
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$ |
0.42 |
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March 9, 2004 |
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Second Quarter
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0.43 |
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June 28, 2004 |
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Third Quarter
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0.43 |
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September 28, 2004 |
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Fourth Quarter
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0.43 |
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December 21, 2004 |
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* |
This amount represents a special dividend of $0.075 per
share payable on November 10, 2006 to stockholders of
record as of the close of business on October 20, 2006. |
S- 10
Capitalization
The following table sets forth our equity capitalization as of
June 30, 2006:
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on an actual basis;
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on a pro forma basis to give
effect to our cash dividend of $0.30 per share
(approximately $12 million) declared on September 28,
2006, which is payable on November 6, 2006 to stockholders
of record on October 9, 2006 and our cash dividend of
$0.075 per share (approximately $3 million) declared
on October 10, 2006, which is payable on November 10,
2006 to stockholders of record on October 20, 2006; and
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on an as adjusted basis to
reflect the issuance and sale of 5,000,000 shares of our
common stock we are offering at a public offering price of
$ per
share, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions
and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
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As of June 30, 2006 |
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Pro forma | |
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Actual | |
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Pro forma | |
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as adjusted | |
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(in thousands, except share |
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and per share amounts) |
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(unaudited) |
Stockholders equity:
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Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share;
10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and
outstanding at June 30, 2006 actual, pro forma or pro forma
as adjusted
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Common stock, par value $0.001 per share,
100,000,000 shares authorized; 39,065,245 shares
issued and outstanding at June 30, 2006 actual and pro
forma,
and issued
and outstanding as of June 30, 2006 pro forma as adjusted
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$ |
39 |
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$ |
39 |
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$ |
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Additional paid-in capital
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498,084 |
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498,084 |
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Accumulated other comprehensive loss
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(8,431 |
) |
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(8,431 |
) |
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Accumulated distributions in excess of accumulated earnings
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(97,191 |
) |
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(111,840 |
) |
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Total stockholders equity
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$ |
392,501 |
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$ |
377,852 |
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$ |
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The table above should be read in conjunction with our financial
statements and related notes included in our annual report on
Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 and our quarterly
reports on
Form 10-Q for
subsequent fiscal quarters, all of which are incorporated by
reference into the accompanying prospectus. The table is based
on 39,065,245 shares of our common stock outstanding as of
June 30, 2006 and excludes 55,000 shares of our common
stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as
of June 30, 2006 under our long-term incentive plan at a
weighted average exercise price of $14.82 per share, and of
which options to purchase 53,334 shares are currently
exercisable at a weighted average exercise price of
$14.87 per share.
S- 11
Additional federal income tax considerations
The following is a summary of certain additional federal income
tax considerations. For additional information, see
Certain United States Federal Income Tax
Considerations beginning on page 47 of the
accompanying prospectus.
TAXATION OF OUR COMPANY
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax
laws commencing with our short taxable year ended
December 31, 2003. We believe that we have operated in a
manner qualifying us as a REIT since our election and intend to
continue to so operate. In connection with this offering,
Hunton & Williams LLP is issuing an opinion that we
qualified to be taxed as a REIT for our taxable years ended
December 31, 2003 through December 31, 2005, and our
organization and current and proposed method of operation will
enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT for our taxable year
ending December 31, 2006 and in the future. You should be
aware that Hunton & Williams LLPs opinion is
based upon customary assumptions (including an assumption that
prior opinions regarding our REIT qualification issued by other
law firms are correct), is conditioned upon certain
representations made by us as to factual matters, including
representations regarding the nature of our properties and the
future conduct of our business, and is not binding upon the
Internal Revenue Service or any court. In addition,
Hunton & Williams LLPs opinion is based on
existing federal income tax law governing qualification as a
REIT, which is subject to change, possibly on a retroactive
basis. Moreover, our continued qualification and taxation as a
REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis,
through actual annual operating results, certain qualification
tests set forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification
tests involve the percentage of income that we earn from
specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls
within specified categories, the diversity of our share
ownership and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute.
While Hunton & Williams LLP has reviewed those matters
in connection with the foregoing opinion, Hunton &
Williams LLP will not review our compliance with those tests on
a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that
the actual results of our operations for 2006 or any future
taxable year will satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of
the tax consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see
Certain United States Federal Income Tax
ConsiderationsFailure to Qualify as a REIT in the
accompanying prospectus.
TAXABLE MORTGAGE POOLS AND EXCESS INCLUSION INCOME
An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a
taxable mortgage pool under the Internal Revenue Code if:
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substantially all of its assets
consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations;
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more than 50% of those debt
obligations are real estate mortgage loans or interests in real
estate mortgage loans as of specified testing dates;
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the entity has issued debt
obligations that have two or more maturities; and
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the payments required to be made
by the entity on its debt obligations bear a
relationship to the payments to be received by the entity
on the debt obligations that it holds as assets.
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Under US Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of
an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt
obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to
comprise substantially all of its assets and
therefore the entity would not be treated as a taxable mortgage
pool.
We expect that certain of our current and future securitizations
will result in the treatment of certain portions of our assets
as taxable mortgage pools for federal income tax purposes. When
an entity, or a
S- 12
Additional federal income tax considerations
portion of an entity, is classified as a taxable mortgage pool,
it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for federal
income tax purposes. However, special rules apply to a REIT, a
portion of a REIT or a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a
taxable mortgage pool. The portion of the REITs assets
held directly or through a qualified REIT subsidiary that
qualifies as a taxable mortgage pool is treated as a qualified
REIT subsidiary that is not subject to corporate income tax, and
the taxable mortgage pool classification does not affect the tax
qualification of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the
taxable mortgage pool classification would generally, except as
described below, be limited to the REITs stockholders. The
Treasury Department has yet to issue regulations governing the
tax treatment of the stockholders of a REIT that owns an
interest in one or more taxable mortgage pools.
A portion of our income from a taxable mortgage pool, which
might be non-cash accrued income, or phantom taxable
income, could be treated as excess inclusion income.
Excess inclusion income is an amount, with respect to any
calendar quarter, equal to the excess, if any, of
(i) income allocable to the holder of a real estate
mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC, residual interest or
taxable mortgage pool interest over (ii) the sum of an
amount for each day in the calendar quarter equal to the product
of (a) the adjusted issue price at the beginning of the
quarter multiplied by (b) 120% of the long-term federal
rate (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of
each calendar quarter and properly adjusted for the length of
such quarter). This non-cash or phantom income would
be subject to the distribution requirements that apply to us and
could therefore adversely affect our liquidity.
Although the law is unclear, we might be taxable at the highest
corporate rate on the portion of any excess inclusion income
that we derive from a taxable mortgage pool equal to the
percentage of our stock that is held in record name by
disqualified organizations. Similar rules may apply
if we own a residual interest in a REMIC. To the extent that we
own a taxable mortgage pool or a REMIC residual interest through
a taxable REIT subsidiary, we will not be subject to this tax.
In addition, to the extent that stock owned by
disqualified organizations is held in record name by
a broker/dealer or other nominee, the broker/dealer or other
nominee would be liable for the corporate level tax on the
portion of our excess inclusion income allocable to the stock
held by the broker/dealer or other nominee on behalf of the
disqualified organizations. A disqualified
organization includes:
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the United States;
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any state or political
subdivision of the United States;
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any foreign government;
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any international organization;
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any agency or instrumentality of
any of the foregoing;
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any other tax-exempt
organization, other than a farmers cooperative described
in section 521 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is exempt
both from income taxation and from taxation under the unrelated
business taxable income provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;
and
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any rural electrical or
telephone cooperative.
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We expect that our current and future securitizations will
result in the treatment of certain portions of our assets as one
or more taxable mortgage pools. In addition, it is possible that
one or more disqualified organizations will own our
stock in record name. In that event, we may become subject to
the tax described above. Because this tax would be imposed on
us, all of our stockholders, including stockholders that are not
disqualified organizations, would bear a portion of
the tax cost associated with the classification of certain
portions of our assets as one or more taxable mortgage pools.
S- 13
Additional federal income tax considerations
We will allocate any excess inclusion income we realize to our
stockholders. A stockholders share of excess inclusion
income (i) would not be allowed to be offset by any net
operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder,
(ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable
income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are
otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax and
(iii) would result in the application of US federal income
tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for
any otherwise applicable income tax treaty, to the extent
allocable to most types of foreign stockholders. See
Certain United States Federal Income Tax
ConsiderationsPassive Activity Losses, Investment Interest
Limitations and Other Considerations of Holding Our Stock
and Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders and
Taxation of Non-United States Stockholders in
the accompanying prospectus. The manner in which excess
inclusion income would be allocated among shares of different
classes of our stock or how such income is to be reported to
stockholders is not clear under current law. Tax-exempt
investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating
losses should carefully consider the tax consequences described
above and are urged to consult their tax advisors in connection
with their decision to invest in our common stock.
If we own less than 100% of the ownership interests in a
subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool, the foregoing rules
would not apply. Rather, the subsidiary would be treated as a
corporation for federal income tax purposes, and would
potentially be subject to corporate income tax. In addition,
this characterization would alter our REIT income and asset test
calculations and could adversely affect our compliance with
those requirements. We currently do not have, and currently do
not intend to form, any subsidiary in which we own some, but
less than all, of the ownership interests that are or will
become taxable mortgage pools, and we intend to monitor the
structure of any taxable mortgage pools in which we have an
interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our
qualification as a REIT.
DISTRIBUTION TEST AND EXCISE TAX
Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than
capital gain dividends and deemed distributions of retained
capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at
least equal to:
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90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without
regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain
or loss, and |
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90% of our after-tax net income, if any, from foreclosure
property, |
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minus the sum of certain items
of non-cash income.
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We must pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they
relate, or in the following taxable year if we declare the
distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return
for the year and pay the distribution on or before the first
regular dividend payment date after such declaration.
Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or
by the end of January following the calendar year in the case of
distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the
last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
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85% of our ordinary income for
such year,
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95% of our capital gain income
for such year, and
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any undistributed taxable income
from prior periods,
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we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of
such required distribution over the amounts we actually
distribute. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net
long-term
S- 14
Additional federal income tax considerations
capital gain we receive in a taxable year. If we so elect, we
will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount
for purposes of the 4% nondeductible excise tax described above.
From time to time, we experience timing differences between the
actual receipt of cash and actual payment of expenses and the
inclusion of income and deduction of expenses in arriving at our
net taxable income. Examples of those timing differences include
the following:
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Certain mortgages that we
purchase directly and certain mortgages collateralizing
mortgage-backed securities that we purchase permit negative
amortization. A negative amortization provision in a mortgage
allows the borrower to defer payment of a portion or all of the
monthly interest accrued on the mortgage and to add the deferred
interest amount to the principal balance of the mortgage. When a
mortgage or a mortgage collateralizing a mortgage-backed
security experiences negative amortization, we continue to
recognize interest income attributable to the negative
amortization on the mortgage or mortgage-backed security even
though we do not receive cash in an amount equal to the deferred
portion of the interest income.
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Because we may deduct capital
losses only to the extent of our capital gains, we may have
taxable income that exceeds our economic income.
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We will recognize taxable income
in advance of the related cash flow if any of our mortgage loans
or mortgage-backed securities have original issue discount. We
generally must accrue original issue discount based on a
constant yield method that takes into account projected
prepayments but that defers taking into account credit losses
until they are actually incurred.
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We may recognize taxable market
discount income when we receive the proceeds from the
disposition of, or principal payments on, loans that have a
stated redemption price at maturity that is greater than our tax
basis in those loans. In addition, in such a case, we may be
required to make a non-deductible principal payment on our
borrowings with the proceeds from the disposition or principal
payment.
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We may recognize taxable income
without receiving a corresponding cash payment if we foreclose
on or make a significant modification to a loan, to the extent
that the fair market value of the underlying property or the
principal amount of the modified loan, as applicable, exceeds
our basis in the original loan.
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We may recognize phantom taxable
income from any residual interests in REMICs or retained
ownership interests in mortgage loans subject to collateralized
mortgage obligation debt.
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Although several types of non-cash income are excluded in
determining the annual distribution requirement, we will incur
corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with
respect to those non-cash income items if we do not distribute
those items on a current basis. As a result of the foregoing, we
may have less cash than is necessary to distribute all of our
net taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and
the excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such
a situation, we may need to borrow funds or issue additional
common or preferred stock. Moreover, because we often do not
receive timely information with respect to the income from our
mortgage-backed securities, it may be difficult for us to
estimate our net taxable income and make sufficient
distributions to avoid the 4% nondeductible excise tax. Although
we intend to continue to make timely distributions sufficient to
satisfy the annual distribution requirements and to avoid
corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax, our
non-cash income and the lack of timely information regarding our
mortgage-backed securities may cause us to incur the 4%
nondeductible excise tax in the future.
S- 15
Additional federal income tax considerations
TAXABLE REIT SUBSIDIARIES
We may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more taxable REIT
subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary is a fully taxable
corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying
income for purposes of the REIT requirements if earned directly
by us. A corporation will not qualify as a taxable REIT
subsidiary if it directly or indirectly operates or manages any
hotels or health care facilities or provides rights to any brand
name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated.
We and any corporate subsidiary must elect for the subsidiary to
be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary on a form signed by us
and the subsidiary. A corporation of which a qualifying taxable
REIT subsidiary directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the
voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated
as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Overall, no more than 20% of the
value of our assets may consist of securities of one or more
taxable REIT subsidiaries, and no more than 25% of the value of
our assets may consist of the securities of taxable REIT
subsidiaries and other non-taxable REIT subsidiaries and other
assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75%
asset test.
The taxable REIT subsidiary rules limit the deductibility of
interest paid or accrued by a taxable REIT subsidiary to us to
ensure that the taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to an
appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules
impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between our taxable
REIT subsidiaries and us that are not conducted on an
arms-length basis.
We currently have four taxable REIT subsidiaries. Three
subsidiaries, Maia Mortgage Finance Statutory Trust
(Maia), Lares Asset Securitization, Inc. and Juno
CDO Finance, Inc., were formed to purchase mortgage loans and
mortgage-backed securities and conduct securitizations. The
fourth taxable REIT subsidiary, Proserpine LLC, was formed to
provide management services with respect to certain of our
subsidiaries that acquire and securitize mortgage loans. We
believe that all transactions between us and our taxable REIT
subsidiaries have been, and will be, conducted on an
arms-length basis.
WE HAVE A POTENTIAL TAX LIABILITY AS A RESULT OF A DEFECTIVE
TAXABLE REIT SUBSIDIARY ELECTION
As described above, we and our subsidiaries must timely elect
for our subsidiaries to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries
on elections signed by us and our subsidiaries. We timely filed
an election to treat Maia, one of our subsidiaries, as a taxable
REIT subsidiary. That election contained certain technical
defects. Maia has executed several REMIC securitizations, which
are treated as sales for federal income tax purposes. If Maia
were not treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary, the gain from
those sales would likely be subject to the 100% tax on
prohibited transactions. If we incur that tax liability, it
would reduce the amount we have available to distribute to our
stockholders by approximately $3 million. See Certain
United States Federal Income Tax
ConsiderationsGeneral in the accompanying prospectus
for a discussion of the 100% tax on prohibited transactions.
Applicable Treasury regulations provide a procedure under which
a late or defective filing of an election, such as a taxable
REIT subsidiary election, will be excused, provided that the
taxpayer has established to the Internal Revenue Services
satisfaction that the taxpayer has acted reasonably and in good
faith and that the interests of the government will not be
prejudiced. We have submitted a request for a private letter
ruling to the Internal Revenue Service seeking such relief. Our
counsel advises us that the Internal Revenue Service has granted
relief to other REITs in similar situations. If we do not
receive such a ruling, our qualification as a REIT would not be
jeopardized.
S- 16
Additional federal income tax considerations
RECENT LEGISLATION
The Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 and the Tax Increase
Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 amended certain rules
relating to REITs and the taxation of stockholders of a REIT.
The changes made by the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 and
the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 most
relevant to us include:
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In the event of a failure of any
of the asset tests, other than a de minimis failure of the 5%
Asset Test or the 10% Asset Test (as described in Certain
United State Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsAsset
Tests in the accompanying prospectus), as long as the
failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect, we will not lose our REIT qualification if we
(1) dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset
tests within six months after the last day of the quarter in
which we identify such failure, (2) file a schedule with
the Internal Revenue Service that identifies each asset that
caused us to fail such test and (3) pay a tax equal to the
greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the
nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to
satisfy the asset tests.
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The preferential tax rates for
qualified dividend income and capital gains (currently at a
maximum rate of 15%), which were scheduled to expire in 2008,
have been extended to apply to the 2009 and 2010 tax years.
Without further congressional action, the maximum tax rate on
qualified dividend income will increase to 39.6% in 2011 and the
maximum tax rate on capital gains will increase to 20% in 2011.
Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid to
stockholders taxed at individual rates by domestic C
corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations. Because
we are not generally subject to federal income tax on the
portion of our net taxable income distributed to our
stockholders, see Certain United States Federal Income Tax
ConsiderationsGeneral in the accompanying
prospectus, our dividends generally will not be eligible for the
15% rate on qualified dividend income. As a result, our ordinary
dividends will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate
applicable to ordinary income, which currently is a maximum rate
of 35%.
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S- 17
Underwriting
We are offering the shares of our common stock described in this
prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus through
the underwriters named below. UBS Securities LLC is the
representative of the underwriters. We have entered into an
underwriting agreement with the underwriters. Subject to the
terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, each of the
underwriters has severally agreed to purchase the number of
shares of common stock listed next to its name in the following
table:
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Number of | |
Underwriters |
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shares | |
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UBS Securities LLC
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JMP Securities LLC
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Total
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5,000,000 |
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The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters must
buy all of the shares if they buy any of them. However, the
underwriters are not required to take or pay for the shares
covered by the underwriters over-allotment option
described below.
Our common stock is offered subject to a number of conditions,
including:
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receipt and acceptance of our
common stock by the underwriters, and
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the underwriters right to
reject orders in whole or in part.
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In connection with this offering, certain of the underwriters or
securities dealers may distribute prospectus supplements and
prospectuses electronically.
Sales of shares made outside of the United States may be made by
affiliates of the underwriters. Upon the execution of the
underwriting agreement, the underwriters will be obligated to
purchase the shares at the prices and upon the terms stated
therein, and, as a result, will thereafter bear any risk
associated with changing the offering price to the public or
other selling terms.
OVER-ALLOTMENT OPTION
We have granted the underwriters an option to buy up to 750,000
additional shares of our common stock. The underwriters may
exercise this option solely for the purpose of covering
over-allotments, if any, made in connection with this offering.
The underwriters have 30 days from the date of this
prospectus supplement to exercise this option. If the
underwriters exercise this option, they will purchase additional
shares approximately in proportion to the amounts specified in
the table above.
COMMISSIONS AND DISCOUNTS
Shares sold by the underwriters to the public will initially be
offered at the offering price set forth on the cover of this
prospectus supplement. Any shares sold by the underwriters to
securities dealers may be sold at a discount of up to
$ per
share from the public offering price. Any of these securities
dealers may resell any shares purchased from the underwriters to
other brokers or dealers at a discount of up to
$ per
share from the public offering price. If all the shares are not
sold at the public offering price, the representative may change
the offering price and the other selling terms. Sales of shares
made outside of the United States may be made by affiliates of
the underwriters.
S- 18
Underwriting
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting
discounts and commissions we will pay to the underwriters,
assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the
underwriters option to purchase up to an additional
750,000 shares:
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No exercise | |
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Full exercise | |
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Per share
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$ |
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$ |
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Total
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$ |
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In compliance with NASD guidelines, the maximum compensation
received by NASD Members in connection with this offering will
not exceed 10% of the gross proceeds of the offering, plus 0.5%
for bona fide due diligence expenses.
We estimate that the total expenses of this offering payable by
us, not including the underwriting discounts and commissions,
will be approximately
$ .
NO SALES OF SIMILAR SECURITIES
We, our executive officers and directors have entered into
lock-up agreements with
the underwriters. Under these agreements, we and each of these
persons may not, without the prior written approval of UBS
Securities LLC, subject to limited exceptions, offer, sell,
contract to sell or otherwise dispose of or hedge our common
stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or
exchangeable for our common stock. These restrictions will be in
effect for a period of 90 days after the date of this
prospectus supplement. At any time and without public notice,
UBS Securities LLC may in its sole discretion release all or
some of the securities from these
lock-up agreements.
INDEMNIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTION
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters and their
controlling persons against certain liabilities, including
liabilities under the Securities Act. If we are unable to
provide this indemnification, we will contribute to payments the
underwriters and their controlling persons may be required to
make in respect of those liabilities.
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING
Our common stock is quoted on The New York Stock Exchange under
the symbol LUM.
PRICE STABILIZATION, SHORT POSITIONS, PASSIVE MARKET
MAKING
In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in
activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the
price of our common stock, including:
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stabilizing transactions;
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short sales;
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purchases to cover positions
created by short sales;
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imposition of penalty bids; and
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syndicate covering transactions.
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Stabilizing transactions consist of bids or purchases made for
the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market
price of our common stock while this offering is in progress.
These transactions may also include making short sales of our
common stock, which involve the sale by the underwriters of a
greater number of shares of common stock than they are required
to purchase in this offering. Short sales may be covered
short sales, which are short positions in an amount not
greater than the
S- 19
Underwriting
underwriters over-allotment option referred to above, or
may be naked short sales, which are short positions
in excess of that amount.
The underwriters may close out any covered short position either
by exercising their over-allotment option, in whole or in part,
or by purchasing shares in the open market. In making this
determination, the underwriters will consider, among other
things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open
market compared to the price at which they may purchase shares
through the over-allotment option. The underwriters must close
out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open
market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if
the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward
pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market
that could adversely affect investors who purchased in this
offering.
The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid. This occurs when
a particular underwriter repays to the underwriters a portion of
the underwriting discount received by it because the
representative has repurchased shares sold by or for the account
of that underwriter in stabilizing or short covering
transactions.
As a result of these activities, the price of our common stock
may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the
open market. If these activities are commenced, they may be
discontinued by the underwriters at any time. The underwriters
may carry out these transactions on The New York Stock Exchange,
in the over-the-counter
market or otherwise.
In addition, in connection with this offering the underwriters
(and selling group members) may engage in passive market making
transactions in our common stock on The New York Stock Exchange
prior to the pricing and completion of this offering. Passive
market making consists of displaying bids on The New York Stock
Exchange no higher than the bid prices of independent market
makers and making purchases at prices no higher than these
independent bids and effected in response to order flow. Net
purchases by a passive market maker on each day are generally
limited to a specified percentage of the passive market
makers average daily trading volume in the common stock
during a specified period and must be discontinued when such
limit is reached. Passive market making may cause the price of
our common stock to be higher than the price that otherwise
would exist in the open market in the absence of these
transactions. If passive market making is commenced, it may be
discontinued at any time.
AFFILIATIONS
The underwriters and their affiliates have provided and may
provide certain commercial banking, financial advisory and
investment banking services for us for which they receive fees.
The underwriters and their affiliates may from time to time in
the future engage in transactions with us and perform services
for us in the ordinary course of their business.
NOTICE TO INVESTORS
European Economic Area
With respect to each Member State of the European Economic Area
which has implemented Prospectus Directive 2003/71/ EC,
including any applicable implementing measures, from and
including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is
implemented in that Member State, the offering of our common
stock in this offering is only being made:
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to legal entities which are authorized or regulated to operate
in the financial markets or, if not so authorized or regulated,
whose corporate purpose is solely to invest in securities; |
S- 20
Underwriting
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(b) |
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to any legal entity which has two or more of (1) an average
of at least 250 employees during the last financial year;
(2) a total balance sheet of more than
43,000,000 and
(3) an annual net turnover of more than
50,000,000, as
shown in its last annual or consolidated accounts; or |
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in any other circumstances which do not require the publication
by the Issuer of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the
Prospectus Directive. |
United Kingdom
Shares of our common stock may not be offered or sold and will
not be offered or sold to any persons in the United Kingdom
other than to persons whose ordinary activities involve them in
acquiring, holding, managing or disposing of investments (as
principal or as agent) for the purposes of their businesses and
in compliance with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with
respect to anything done in relation to shares of our common
stock in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom. In
addition, any invitation or inducement to engage in investment
activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the FSMA) in
connection with the issue or sale of shares of our common stock
may only be communicated in circumstances in which
Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us. Without
limitation to the other restrictions referred to herein, this
offering circular is directed only at (1) persons outside
the United Kingdom, (2) persons having professional
experience in matters relating to investments who fall within
the definition of investment professionals in
Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act
2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 or (3) high net worth
bodies corporate, unincorporated associations and partnerships
and trustees of high value trusts as described in
Article 49(2) of the Financial Services and Markets Act
2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005. Without limitation to the
other restrictions referred to herein, any investment or
investment activity to which this offering circular relates is
available only to, and will be engaged in only with, such
persons, and persons within the United Kingdom who receive this
communication (other than persons who fall within (2) or
(3) above) should not rely or act upon this communication.
Switzerland
Shares of our common stock may be offered in Switzerland only on
the basis of a non-public offering. This prospectus does not
constitute an issuance prospectus according to articles 652a or
1156 of the Swiss Federal Code of Obligations or a listing
prospectus according to article 32 of the Listing Rules of the
Swiss exchange. The shares of our common stock may not be
offered or distributed on a professional basis in or from
Switzerland and neither this prospectus nor any other offering
material relating to shares of our common stock may be publicly
issued in connection with any such offer or distribution. The
shares have not been and will not be approved by any Swiss
regulatory authority. In particular, the shares are not and will
not be registered with or supervised by the Swiss Federal
Banking Commission, and investors may not claim protection under
the Swiss Investment Fund Act.
S- 21
Legal matters
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be
passed upon for us by Duane Morris LLP, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania and for the underwriters by Clifford Chance US LLP,
New York, New York. Duane Morris LLP and Clifford Chance US LLP
will rely as to certain matters of Maryland law upon Venable
LLP, Baltimore, Maryland. Certain federal income tax matters
will be passed upon for us by Hunton & Williams LLP,
Richmond, Virginia.
Experts
The consolidated financial statements of Luminent Mortgage
Capital, Inc. and subsidiaries and managements report on
the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting
incorporated in the accompanying prospectus by reference from
the Annual Report of Luminent Mortgage Capital, Inc. on
Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 2005 have been audited by
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public
accounting firm, as stated in their reports, which are
incorporated by reference, and have been so incorporated in
reliance upon the reports of such firm given upon their
authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
S- 22
PROSPECTUS
$500,000,000
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Warrants to Purchase Common Stock or Preferred Stock
Debt Securities
By this prospectus, we may offer, from time to time:
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shares of our common stock; |
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shares of our preferred stock; |
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warrants to purchase shares of our common stock or preferred
stock; |
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debt securities; or |
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any combination of the foregoing |
in one or more series with an aggregate initial public offering
price of up to $500,000,000. We will provide specific terms of
each issuance of these securities in supplements to this
prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any prospectus
supplement carefully before you decide to invest.
This prospectus may not be used to consummate sales of these
securities unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under
the symbol LUM.
To ensure we qualify as a real estate investment trust, no
person may own more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of any
class of our common stock or our preferred stock, unless our
board of directors waives this limitation.
See Risk Factors beginning on page 6 of this
prospectus for a description of risks that should be considered
by purchasers of these securities.
We may offer these securities in amounts, at prices and on terms
to be set forth in one or more prospectus supplements. We may
sell these securities to or through underwriters, dealers or
agents or we may sell these securities directly to investors on
our own behalf.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state
securities commission has approved or disapproved of these
securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
The date of this prospectus is January 19, 2005
You should rely only on the information contained in or
incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any related
prospectus supplement. We have not authorized any other person
to provide you with different information. If anyone provides
you with different or inconsistent information, you should not
rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities
in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
You should assume that the information appearing in this
prospectus, the related prospectus supplement and the documents
incorporated by reference herein is accurate only as of its
respective date or dates or on the date or dates specified in
these documents. Our business, financial condition, results of
operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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i
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, including any prospectus supplement, and the
documents incorporated by reference herein contain certain
forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are those
that are not historical in nature. They can often be identified
by the inclusion of words such as will,
anticipate, estimate,
should, expect, believe,
intend and similar expressions. Any projection of
revenues, earnings or losses, distributions, capital structure
or other financial terms is a forward-looking statement.
Our forward-looking statements are based upon our
managements beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our
future operations and economic performance, taking into account
the information currently available to us. Forward-looking
statements involve risks and uncertainties, some of which are
not currently known to us, that might cause our actual results,
performance or financial condition to be materially different
from the expectations of future results, performance or
financial condition we express or imply in any forward-looking
statement. Some of the important factors that could cause our
actual results, performance or financial condition to differ
materially from our expectations are:
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interest rate mismatches between our mortgage-backed securities
and the borrowings we use to fund our purchases of such
securities; |
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changes in interest rates and mortgage prepayment rates; |
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our ability to obtain or renew sufficient funding to maintain
our leverage strategies; |
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potential impacts of our leveraging policies on our net income
and cash available for distribution; |
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our limited operating history and the limited experience of
Seneca Capital Management LLC, our management company, in
managing a real estate investment trust, or REIT; |
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the ability of our board of directors to change our operating
policies and strategies without stockholder approval or notice
to you; |
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effects of interest rate caps on our adjustable-rate and hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities; |
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the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not
protect us from interest rate volatility; |
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the fact that Seneca could be motivated to recommend riskier
investments in an effort to maximize its incentive compensation
under its management agreement with us; |
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potential conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship
with Seneca, on the one hand, and Senecas relationships
with other third parties, on the other hand; and |
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our ability to invest up to 10% of our investment portfolio in
lower-credit quality mortgage-backed securities that carry an
increased likelihood of default or rating downgrade relative to
investment-grade securities; |
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your inability to review the assets that we will acquire with
the net proceeds of any securities we offer; |
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the other important factors described in this prospectus,
including under the caption Risk Factors, in any
prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated herein
by reference. |
We undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any
forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new
information, future events or otherwise. In light of these
risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the events described in
our forward-looking statements might not occur. We qualify all
of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary factors.
Please keep this cautionary note in mind as you read this
prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the documents
incorporated herein by reference.
ii
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, using
a shelf registration process. Under this process, we
may offer and sell any combination of common stock, preferred
stock, warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock and
debt securities in one or more offerings for total proceeds of
up to $500,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general
description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer
to sell securities, we will provide a supplement to this
prospectus that will contain specific information about the
terms of that offering. The prospectus supplement may also add,
update or change information contained in this prospectus. We
encourage you to read, in their entirety, this prospectus and
any related prospectus supplement, as well as the information
that is incorporated by reference herein. You should read this
entire prospectus carefully, including the section titled
Risk Factors before making an investment in our
securities. As used in this prospectus, Luminent,
company, we, our and
us refer to Luminent Mortgage Capital, Inc. and
Seneca, our Manager and the
Manager refer to Seneca Capital Management LLC, except
where the context otherwise requires.
LUMINENT MORTGAGE CAPITAL, INC.
General
We were incorporated in April 2003 to invest primarily in
U.S. agency and other highly-rated, single-family,
adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate and fixed-rate
mortgage-backed securities, which we acquire in the secondary
market. Our strategy is to acquire mortgage-related assets,
finance these purchases in the capital markets and use leverage
in order to provide an attractive return on stockholders
equity. Through this strategy, we seek to earn income, which is
generated from the spread between the yield on our earning
assets and our costs, including the interest cost of the funds
we borrow. We operate as a REIT, and generally do not pay
federal corporate income taxes on our income that is distributed
to our stockholders.
We commenced operations in June 2003, following the completion
of a private placement of our common stock, in which we raised
net proceeds of approximately $159.7 million. On
December 18, 2003, we completed an initial public offering
of our common stock in which we raised net proceeds of
approximately $157.0 million. On December 19, 2003,
our common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange,
or NYSE, under the trading symbol LUM. On
March 29, 2004, we completed a follow-on public offering of
our common stock in which we raised net proceeds of
approximately $157.5 million.
We invest primarily in adjustable-rate and hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. Adjustable-rate
mortgage-backed securities have interest rates that reset
periodically, typically every six months or on an annual basis.
Hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities have interest
rates that are fixed for the first few years of the
loan typically three, five, seven or
10 years and thereafter reset periodically in a
manner similar to adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities.
Unless otherwise indicated in an accompanying prospectus
supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of
the securities offered by this prospectus and the related
accompanying prospectus supplement and other borrowed funds to
invest in mortgage-backed securities similar to those currently
in our portfolio. We will seek to acquire mortgage-backed
securities that will produce competitive returns, taking into
consideration the amount and nature of the anticipated returns
from the investment, our ability to pledge the investment for
secured, collateralized borrowings and the costs associated with
financing, managing, securitizing and reserving for these
investments. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not
identified any specific mortgage-backed securities that we
intend to acquire with the net proceeds of this offering. All of
the mortgage-backed securities that we acquired with the net
proceeds of our initial public offering and our follow-on
offering are agency-backed or have AAA credit ratings from at
least one nationally-recognized statistical rating agency, and
all of the securities are either adjustable-rate or hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. We expect that the
substantial majority, or perhaps all of the mortgage-backed
securities that we acquire with the net proceeds of this
offering will be agency-backed or have AAA credit ratings. Such
securities are readily available in the market. As of
June 30, 2004, the market for residential mortgage debt
1
that had been securitized into mortgage-backed securities was
approximately $4.2 trillion, approximately $3.4 trillion of
which was agency-backed and, therefore, generally consistent
with our investment guidelines. As of June 30, 2004,
approximately $69.8 billion of all available
mortgage-backed securities were held by REITs.
We have financed our acquisition of mortgage-related assets by
investing our equity and by borrowing at short-term rates under
repurchase agreements. We intend to continue to finance our
acquisitions in this manner. We generally seek to borrow between
eight and 12 times the amount of our equity. We actively manage
the adjustment periods and the selection of the interest rate
indices of our borrowings against the adjustment periods and the
selection of indices on our mortgage-related assets in order to
manage our liquidity and interest rate-related risks. We may
also choose to engage in various hedging activities designed to
match more closely the terms of our assets and liabilities.
As a long-term holder of mortgage-backed securities, we focus on
acquiring, financing and managing a diverse portfolio of
mortgage-backed securities with a variety of characteristics
that we believe will provide attractive returns in a multitude
of interest rate and prepayment environments. We do not
construct our overall investment portfolio in order to express a
directional expectation for interest rates or mortgage
prepayment rates.
We review the credit risk associated with each potential
investment and may diversify our portfolio to avoid undue
geographic, guarantor, industry and other types of
concentrations. By maintaining a large percentage of our assets
in high-quality and highly-rated assets, many of which are
guaranteed under limited circumstances as to payment of a
limited amount of principal and interest by federal agencies or
federally-chartered entities such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or
Ginnie Mae, we believe we can mitigate our exposure to losses
from credit risk.
In addition to the strategies described above, we intend to use
other strategies to seek to generate earnings and distributions
to our stockholders, which may include the following:
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increasing the size of our balance sheet at a rate faster than
the rate of increase in our operating expenses; |
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using leverage to increase the size of our balance
sheet; and |
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lowering our effective borrowing costs over time by seeking
direct funding with collateralized lenders. |
We are externally managed and advised by Seneca pursuant to a
management agreement between Seneca and us. We have a full-time
chief financial officer who is not employed by Seneca, and who
provides us with dedicated financial management, analysis and
investor relations capability.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended. As such, we will routinely distribute
substantially all of the income generated from our operations to
our stockholders. As long as we retain our REIT status, we
generally will not be subject to U.S. federal or state
corporate taxes on our income to the extent that we distribute
our net income to our stockholders.
Our principal offices are located at 909 Montgomery Street,
Suite 500, San Francisco, California 94133. Our
telephone number is (415) 486-2110 and our website is
www.luminentcapital.com. Information contained on our website
does not constitute a part of this prospectus.
Seneca and Executive Officers
Our day-to-day
operations are externally managed and advised by Seneca, subject
to the direction and oversight of our board of directors. Seneca
was established in 1989, and is an investment adviser registered
under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. Seneca,
whose sole business is investment management, manages
fixed-income and equity assets for pension and profit-sharing
plans, financial institutions, such as banking and insurance
companies, and mutual funds for retail and institutional
investors. Seneca had over 100 full-time employees and
approximately $13 billion of institutional and private
investment accounts on September 30, 2004.
2
From time to time, we will assess whether we should be
internally managed. In May 2004, our board of directors formed a
committee of independent directors to assess the advisability of
internalization. We believe this on-going assessment will
consider a number of factors, including, without limitation, our
ability to attract and retain full-time employees, and the
costs, expenses and potential efficiencies related to becoming
internally managed.
A majority of Senecas outstanding equity interests are
owned by Phoenix Investment Partners, Ltd., or Phoenix. Phoenix
is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Phoenix Companies, Inc.
(NYSE: PNX). Our board of directors consists of seven members,
five of whom are not affiliated with Seneca or Phoenix. Neither
this prospectus nor any offering or sale of securities made
through this prospectus and a related prospectus supplement are
endorsed or guaranteed in any way by Seneca or Phoenix.
Our executive officers have significant experience in providing
investment advisory services, with an average of 17 years
of experience. Prior to founding Seneca in 1989, Gail P. Seneca,
our chief executive officer, spent two years as senior vice
president of the Asset Management Division of Wells Fargo Bank,
where she managed fixed-income assets in excess of
$10 billion. Before joining Seneca as its fixed income
chief investment officer, Albert J. Gutierrez, our president,
spent two years as head of portfolio management, trading and
investment systems at American General Investment Management,
where he was responsible for approximately $75 billion in
client assets, and 12 years with Conseco Capital Management
as a senior vice president in charge of fixed income research
and trading as well as insurance asset portfolio management.
Other than our full-time chief financial officer, all of our
executive officers are also employees and/or officers of Seneca,
as described in the following table:
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Position with Seneca |
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Position with Us |
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Gail P. Seneca, Ph.D.
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President/Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer |
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Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer |
Albert J. Gutierrez, CFA
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Fixed Income Chief Investment Officer and Principal |
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President and Director |
Christopher J. Zyda
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None |
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Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
Andrew S. Chow, CFA
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Fixed Income Portfolio Manager |
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Senior Vice President |
The Management Agreement
Pursuant to our management agreement, Seneca, as our sole
manager, generally implements our business strategy, is
responsible for our
day-to-day operations
and performs services and activities relating to our assets and
operations in accordance with the terms of the management
agreement. The management agreement will remain in effect until
terminated. Senecas services for us can be divided into
the following three principal activities:
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Asset Management Seneca advises us with
respect to, arranges for and manages the acquisition, financing,
management and disposition of, our investments. |
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Liability Management Seneca evaluates the
credit risk and prepayment risk of our investments and arranges
borrowing and hedging strategies. |
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Capital Management Seneca coordinates our
capital raising activities. |
In conducting these activities, Seneca advises us on the
formulation of, and implements, our operating strategies and
policies, arranges for our acquisition of assets, monitors the
performance of our assets, arranges for various types of
financing and hedging strategies and provides administrative and
managerial services in connection with our operations. At all
times in the performance of these activities, Seneca is subject
to the direction and oversight of our board of directors.
3
Pursuant to the management agreement and a cost-sharing
agreement between Seneca and us, Seneca may earn or be entitled
to receive the following compensation, fees and other benefits:
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Base management fee 1% per annum of the
first $300 million of our average net worth, plus
0.8% per annum of our average net worth in excess of
$300 million during such fiscal year, calculated on a
quarterly basis. |
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Incentive compensation a specified percentage
of our REIT taxable net income (before deducting incentive
compensation, net operating losses and certain other items) in
excess of a threshold amount of taxable income, calculated on a
quarterly basis and subject to annual reconciliation. |
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Out-of-pocket
expense reimbursements reimbursement of actual
out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in connection with our administration on an ongoing
basis. |
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Reimbursement of overhead expenses
reimbursement of actual costs attributable to our use of
services rendered by Seneca pursuant to the cost-sharing
agreement. Our portion of such costs is allocated to us as
determined by Seneca, subject to reasonable approval by a
majority of our independent directors. |
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Termination fee payable only upon termination
by us without cause or by Seneca upon our change of control.
Actual amount of fee depends on the circumstances of the
termination. |
For a more detailed discussion of the compensation and other
fees payable to Seneca, as well as our and Senecas right
to terminate the management agreement, see the management
agreement and cost-sharing agreement incorporated by reference
as exhibits to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part.
Conflicts of Interest
We are subject to potential conflicts of interest involving
Seneca because, among other reasons:
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the incentive compensation, which is based on our net income,
may create an incentive for Seneca to recommend investments with
greater income potential, which may be relatively more risky
than would be the case if its compensation from us did not
include an incentive-based component; |
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Seneca is permitted to purchase mortgage-backed securities for
its own account and to advise accounts of other clients, and
certain investment opportunities appropriate for us also will be
appropriate for these accounts; and |
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two of our directors, and all but one of our executive officers,
are managers or employees of, or otherwise affiliated with,
Seneca. |
The management agreement does not limit or restrict the right of
Seneca from engaging in any business or rendering services to
any other person, including, without limitation, the purchase
of, or rendering advice to others purchasing, mortgage-backed
securities that meet our investment guidelines. However, Seneca
has agreed that for as long as Seneca is our exclusive manager
pursuant to the management agreement, it will not sponsor any
other mortgage REIT that invests primarily in high-quality,
residential mortgage-backed securities, without first obtaining
the approval of a majority of our independent directors.
4
SUMMARY OF THE SECURITIES OFFERED BY THIS PROSPECTUS
We may offer any of the following securities from time to time:
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common stock; |
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preferred stock; |
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warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock; and |
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debt securities. |
When we use the term securities in this prospectus,
we mean any of the securities we may offer with this prospectus,
unless we indicate otherwise. The total dollar amount of all
securities that we may issue will not exceed $500,000,000. This
prospectus, including the following summary of the securities we
may issue, describes the general terms of such securities. The
specific terms of any particular securities we may offer will be
described in a separate prospectus supplement.
Common Stock
We may offer shares of our common stock, which is currently
traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol
LUM. See Description of Capital Stock
beginning on page 21 of this prospectus.
Preferred Stock
We may offer our preferred stock in one or more series. For any
particular series we offer, the applicable prospectus supplement
will describe the specific designation; the aggregate number of
shares offered; the rate and periods, or the method of
calculating the rate and periods for dividends, if any; the
stated value and liquidation preference, if any; the voting
rights, if any; the terms on which the series will be
convertible into or exchangeable for other securities or
property, if any; the redemption terms, if any and any other
specific terms of the particular series of preferred stock. See
Description of Capital Stock beginning on
page 21 of this prospectus.
Warrants
We may offer warrants to purchase our common stock or preferred
stock. For any warrants we offer, the applicable prospectus
supplement will describe the security underlying the warrant;
the expiration date of the warrant; the exercise price or other
method of determining the exercise price; the amount and kind,
or the method of determining the amount and kind, of the
security to be issued upon the exercise of the warrant and any
other specific terms. See Description of Capital
Stock Warrants beginning on page 27 of
this prospectus.
Debt Securities
We may offer debt securities in one or more series. The debt
securities will be our direct unsecured general obligations and
may include debentures, notes, bonds or other evidences of
indebtedness. The applicable prospectus supplement will describe
the terms of any debt securities. See Description of Debt
Securities beginning on page 30 of this prospectus.
5
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities involves various risks.
Before you decide to invest in our securities, you should
consider carefully the following risk factors in connection with
the other information in this prospectus, the prospectus
supplement accompanying this prospectus and the documents
incorporated herein by reference. Our business, financial
condition or results of operations could be harmed if any of
these risks or uncertainties actually occurs. In that event, the
price of our securities could decline and you might lose all or
part of your investment. Our actual results could differ
materially from those anticipated by our forward-looking
statements as a result of the risk factors described below, in
any prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated herein
by reference. These risks are not the only ones that may affect
us. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we
currently deem immaterial might also impair our business
operations.
Risks Related to Our Business
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Interest rate mismatches between our mortgage-backed
securities and the borrowings used to fund our purchases of
mortgage-backed securities might reduce our net income or result
in losses during periods of changing interest rates. |
We invest primarily in adjustable-rate and hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. The mortgages
underlying these adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities have
interest rates that reset periodically, typically every six
months or on an annual basis, based upon market-based indices of
interest rates such as U.S. Treasury bonds or LIBOR, the
interest rate that banks in London offer for deposits in London
of U.S. dollars. The mortgages underlying hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities have interest rates
that are fixed for the first few years of the loan
typically three, five, seven or 10 years and
thereafter their interest rates reset periodically similar to
the mortgages underlying adjustable-rate mortgage-backed
securities. We have funded our acquisitions, and expect to fund
our future acquisitions, of adjustable-rate and hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities in part with
borrowings that have interest rates based on indices and
repricing terms similar to, but with shorter maturities than,
the interest rate indices and repricing terms of our
adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage-backed
securities. During periods of changing interest rates, this
interest rate mismatch between our assets and liabilities could
reduce or eliminate our net income and distributions to our
stockholders and could cause us to suffer a loss.
Accordingly, in a period of rising interest rates, we could
experience a decrease in, or elimination of, our net income or a
net loss because the interest rates on our borrowings could
increase faster than the interest rates on our adjustable-rate
mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, in a period of declining
interest rates, we could experience a decrease in, or
elimination of, our net income or a net loss because our
amortization of premiums could increase.
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Increased levels of prepayments on the mortgages
underlying our mortgage-backed securities might decrease our net
interest income or result in a net loss. |
The mortgage-backed securities that we acquire generally
represent interests in pools of mortgage loans. The principal
and interest payments we receive from our mortgage-backed
securities are generally funded by the payments that mortgage
borrowers make on those underlying mortgage loans. When
borrowers prepay their mortgage loans sooner than expected,
corresponding prepayments on the mortgage-backed securities
occur sooner than expected by the marketplace.
Sooner-than-expected prepayments could harm our results of
operations in the following ways, among others:
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We seek to purchase mortgage-backed securities that we believe
to have favorable risk-adjusted expected returns relative to
market interest rates at the time of purchase. If the coupon
interest rate for a mortgage-backed security is higher than the
market interest rate at the time it is purchased, then that
mortgage-backed security will be acquired at a premium to its
par value. |
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In accordance with applicable accounting rules, we are required
to amortize any premiums or accrete discounts related to our
mortgage-backed securities over their expected terms. The
amortization of a premium reduces interest income, while the
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expected terms for mortgage-backed securities are a function of
the prepayment rates for the mortgages underlying the
mortgage-backed securities. Mortgage-backed securities that are
at a premium to their par value are more likely to experience
prepayment of some or all of their principal through
refinancings. If the mortgages underlying our mortgage-backed
securities purchased at a premium are prepaid in whole or in
part more quickly than their respective maturity dates, then we
must also amortize their respective premiums more quickly, which
would decrease our net interest income and harm our
profitability. |
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A substantial portion of our adjustable-rate mortgage-backed
securities may bear interest at rates that are lower than their
fully-indexed rates, which refers to their
applicable index rates plus a margin. If an adjustable-rate
mortgage-backed security is prepaid prior to or soon after the
time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, we will have held
that mortgage-backed security while it was less profitable and
lost the opportunity to receive interest at the fully-indexed
rate over the remainder of its expected life. |
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If we are unable to acquire new mortgage-backed securities to
replace the prepaid mortgage-backed securities, our financial
condition, results of operations and cash flow may suffer and we
could incur losses. |
Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates decline
and decrease when interest rates rise; however, changes in
prepayment rates may lag behind changes in interest rates and
are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also may be affected
by other factors, including, without limitation, conditions in
the housing and financial markets, general economic conditions
and the relative interest rates on adjustable-rate and
fixed-rate mortgage loans. While we seek to minimize prepayment
risk, we must balance prepayment risk against other risks and
the potential returns of each investment when selecting
investments. No strategy can completely insulate us from
prepayment or other such risks.
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We depend on short-term borrowings to purchase
mortgage-related assets and reach our desired amount of
leverage. If we fail to obtain or renew sufficient funding on
favorable terms or at all, we will be limited in our ability to
acquire mortgage-related assets, which will harm our results of
operations. |
We depend on short-term borrowings to fund acquisitions of
mortgage-related assets and reach our desired amount of
leverage. Accordingly, our ability to achieve our investment and
leverage objectives depends on our ability to borrow money in
sufficient amounts and on favorable terms. In addition, we must
be able to renew or replace our maturing short-term borrowings
on a continuous basis. We depend on a few lenders to provide the
primary credit facilities for our purchases of mortgage-related
assets. In addition, our existing indebtedness may limit our
ability to make additional borrowings. If our lenders do not
allow us to renew our borrowings or we cannot replace maturing
borrowings on favorable terms or at all, we might have to sell
our mortgage-related assets under adverse market conditions,
which would harm our results of operations and may result in
losses.
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Our leverage strategy increases the risks of our
operations, which could reduce our net income and the amount
available for distributions or cause us to suffer a loss. |
We generally seek to borrow between eight and 12 times the
amount of our equity, although at times our borrowings may be
above or below this amount. We incur this indebtedness by
borrowing against a substantial portion of the market value of
our mortgage-backed securities. Our total indebtedness, however,
is not expressly limited by our policies and depends on our and
our prospective lenders estimate of the stability of our
portfolios cash flow. We face the risk that we might not
be able to meet our debt service obligations or a lenders
margin requirements from our income and, to the extent we
cannot, we might be forced to liquidate some of our assets at
disadvantageous prices. Our use of leverage amplifies the risks
associated with other risk factors, which could reduce our net
income and the amount available for distributions or cause us to
suffer a loss. For example:
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A majority of our borrowings are secured by our mortgage-backed
securities, generally under repurchase agreements. A decline in
the market value of our mortgage-backed securities used to
secure these debt obligations could limit our ability to borrow
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additional collateral to secure our borrowings. In that
situation, we could be required to sell mortgage-backed
securities under adverse market conditions in order to obtain
the additional collateral required by the lender. If these sales
are made at prices lower than the carrying value of our
mortgage-backed securities, we would experience losses. |
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A default under a mortgage-related asset that constitutes
collateral for a loan could also result in an involuntary
liquidation of the mortgage-related asset, including any
cross-collateralized mortgage-backed securities. This
circumstance would result in a loss to us to the extent that the
value of our mortgage-related asset upon liquidation is less
than the amount we borrowed against the mortgage-related asset. |
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To the extent we are compelled to liquidate qualified REIT
assets to repay our debts or further collateralize them, our
compliance with the REIT rules regarding our assets and our
sources of income could be negatively affected, which could
jeopardize our status as a REIT. Losing our REIT status would
cause us to lose tax advantages applicable to REITs and would
decrease our overall profitability and our distributions to our
stockholders. |
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If we experience losses as a result of our leverage policy, such
losses would reduce the amounts available for distribution to
our stockholders. |
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We may incur increased borrowing costs related to
repurchase agreements that would harm our results of
operations. |
Our borrowing costs under repurchase agreements are generally
adjustable and correspond to short-term interest rates, such as
LIBOR or a short-term Treasury index, plus or minus a margin.
The margins on these borrowings over or under short-term
interest rates may vary depending upon a number of factors,
including, without limitation, the following:
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the movement of interest rates; |
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the availability of financing in the market; and |
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the value and liquidity of our mortgage-backed securities. |
Most of our borrowings are collateralized borrowings in the form
of repurchase agreements. If the interest rates on these
repurchase agreements increases, our results of operations will
be harmed and we may have losses.
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We have only been in business since June 2003 and our
implementation of our operating policies and strategies may not
continue to be successful. |
We began operations in June 2003, and therefore have a limited
operating history. Our results of operations depend on many
factors, including the availability of opportunities to acquire
mortgage-related assets, the level and volatility of interest
rates, readily accessible short- and long-term funding
alternatives in the financial markets and economic conditions.
Moreover, delays in fully leveraging and investing the net
proceeds of our public offerings may cause our performance to be
weaker than other fully leveraged and invested mortgage REITs
pursuing comparable investment strategies. Furthermore, we face
the risk that our implementation of our operating policies and
strategies may not continue to be successful.
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Our board of directors may change our operating policies
and strategies without stockholder approval or prior notice and
such changes could harm our business and results of operations
and the value of our stock. |
Our board of directors has the authority to modify or waive our
current operating policies and our strategies, including our
election to operate as a REIT, without prior notice and without
stockholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes
to our current operating policies and strategies would have on
our business, operating results and value of our stock. However,
the effects might be adverse.
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We depend on our key personnel, and the loss of any of our
key personnel could severely and detrimentally affect our
operations. |
We depend on the diligence, experience and skill of our officers
and the Seneca personnel who provide management services to us
for the selection, acquisition, structuring, monitoring and sale
of our mortgage-related assets and the borrowings used to
acquire these assets. Our key officers include Gail P. Seneca,
Albert J. Gutierrez, Christopher J. Zyda and Andrew S. Chow. We
have not entered into employment agreements with our key
officers other than Mr. Zyda, who is our Senior Vice
President and Chief Financial Officer. With the exception of
Mr. Zyda, none of our senior officers, including
Ms. Seneca and Messrs. Gutierrez and Chow, devote all
of their business time to our business and are free to engage in
competitive activities in our industry. In addition, our
management agreement with Seneca pursuant to which
Ms. Seneca and Messrs. Gutierrez and Chow provide
management services to us is terminable by Seneca at any time
upon 60 days notice. The loss of our key officers or
the termination of our management agreement with Seneca could
harm our business, financial condition, cash flow and results of
operations.
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Competition might prevent us from acquiring
mortgage-backed securities at favorable yields, which would harm
our results of operations. |
Our net income depends on our ability to acquire mortgage-backed
securities at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In
acquiring mortgage-backed securities, we compete with other
REITs, investment banking firms, savings and loan associations,
banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, other lenders and
other entities that purchase mortgage-backed securities, many of
which have greater financial resources than we do. As a result,
we may not be able to acquire sufficient mortgage-backed
securities at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs, which
would harm our results of operations.
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Interest rate caps related to our mortgage-backed
securities may reduce our net income or cause us to suffer a
loss during periods of rising interest rates. |
The mortgages underlying our mortgage-backed securities are
typically subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps.
Periodic interest rate caps limit the amount that the interest
rate of a mortgage can increase during any given period.
Lifetime interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate
can increase through the maturity of a mortgage.
Our borrowings are not subject to similar restrictions. The
periodic adjustments to the interest rates of the mortgages
underlying our mortgage-backed securities are based on changes
in an objective index. Substantially all of the mortgages
underlying our mortgage-backed securities adjust their interest
rates based on one of two main indices, the U.S. Treasury
index, which is a monthly or weekly average yield of benchmark
U.S. Treasury securities published by the Federal Reserve
Board, or LIBOR.
Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates,
the interest rates paid on our borrowings could increase without
limitation while interest rate caps could limit the increases in
the yields on our mortgage-backed securities. This problem is
magnified for mortgage-backed securities that are not fully
indexed. Further, some of the mortgages underlying our
mortgage-backed securities may be subject to periodic payment
caps that result in a portion of the interest being deferred and
added to the principal outstanding. As a result, we may receive
less cash income on our mortgage-backed securities than we need
to pay interest on our related borrowings. These factors could
reduce our net interest income or cause us to suffer a net loss.
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We might experience reduced net interest income or a loss
from holding fixed-rate investments during periods of rising
interest rates. |
A significant portion of our investment portfolio consists of
hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. We may also
invest in fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities from time to
time. We fund our acquisition of fixed-rate mortgage-backed
securities, including those based on balloon maturity and hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgages, in part with short-term repurchase
agreements and term loans. During periods of rising interest
rates, our costs associated with borrowings used to fund the
acquisition of fixed-rate mortgage-
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backed securities are subject to increases, while the income we
earn from these assets remains substantially fixed. The
reduction or elimination of the net interest spread between the
fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities that we purchase and our
borrowings used to purchase them would reduce our net interest
income and could cause us to suffer a loss.
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We might not be able to use derivatives to mitigate our
interest rate and prepayment risks. |
Our policies permit us to enter into interest rate swaps, caps
and floors and other derivative transactions in an effort to
reduce our interest rate and prepayment risks. These
transactions might mitigate our interest rate and prepayment
risks, but cannot eliminate these risks. Moreover, the use of
derivative transactions could have a negative impact on our net
income and our status as a REIT and, therefore, our use of such
derivatives could be limited.
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We may enter into ineffective derivative transactions or
other hedging activities that may reduce our net interest rate
spread or cause us to suffer losses. |
Our policies permit us, but we are not required, to enter into
derivative transactions such as interest rate swaps, caps and
floors and other derivative transactions to help us seek to
reduce our interest rate and prepayment risks. The effectiveness
of any derivative transaction will depend significantly upon
whether we correctly quantify the interest rate or prepayment
risks being hedged, our execution of and ongoing monitoring of
our hedging activities and the treatment of such hedging
activities under generally accepted accounting principles in the
United States, or GAAP.
In the case of these hedges, and any other efforts to mitigate
the effects of interest rate changes on our liability costs, if
we enter into hedging instruments that have higher interest
rates embedded in them as a result of the forward yield curve,
and at the end of the term of these hedging instruments the spot
market interest rates for the liabilities that we hedged are
actually lower, then we will have locked in higher interest
rates for our liabilities than would be available in the spot
market at the time which could result in a narrowing of our net
interest rate spread or result in losses. In some situations, we
may sell assets or hedging instruments at a loss in order to
maintain adequate liquidity.
In addition, we apply Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments
and Hedging Activities, as amended and interpreted, and
record derivatives at fair value. If the derivatives meet the
criteria to be accounted for as hedging transactions, the
effects of the transactions could be materially different as to
timing than if they do not qualify as hedges, which may cause a
narrowing of our net interest rate spread or result in losses.
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An increase in interest rates might adversely affect our
book value. |
We use changes in
10-year
U.S. Treasury yields as a reference indicator for changes
in interest rates because it is a common market benchmark.
Increases in the general level of interest rates can cause the
fair market value of our assets to decline, particularly those
mortgage-backed securities whose underlying mortgages have
fixed-rate components. Our fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities
and our hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities
(during the fixed-rate component of the mortgages underlying
such securities) will generally be more negatively affected by
such increases than our adjustable-rate mortgage-backed
securities. In accordance with GAAP, we will be required to
reduce the carrying value of our mortgage-backed securities by
the amount of any decrease in the fair value of our
mortgage-backed securities compared to their respective
amortized costs. If unrealized losses in fair value occur, we
will have to either reduce current earnings or reduce
stockholders equity without immediately affecting current
earnings, depending on how we classify such mortgage-backed
securities under GAAP. In either case, our net book value will
decrease to the extent of any realized or unrealized losses in
fair value.
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We may invest in leveraged mortgage derivative securities
that generally experience greater volatility in market prices,
and thus expose us to greater risk with respect to their rate of
return. |
We may acquire leveraged mortgage derivative securities that
expose us to a high level of interest rate risk. The
characteristics of leveraged mortgage derivative securities
cause those securities to experience greater volatility in their
market prices. Thus, acquisition of leveraged mortgage
derivative securities will expose us to the risk of greater
volatility in our portfolio, which could reduce our net income
and harm our overall results of operations.
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Possible market developments could cause our lenders to
require us to pledge additional assets as collateral. If our
assets are insufficient to meet the collateral requirements, we
might be compelled to liquidate particular assets at inopportune
times and at disadvantageous prices. |
Possible market developments, including a sharp or prolonged
rise in interest rates, an increase in prepayment rates or
increasing market concern about the value or liquidity of one or
more types of mortgage-backed securities in which our portfolio
is concentrated, might reduce the market value of our portfolio,
which might cause our lenders to require additional collateral.
Any requirement for additional collateral might compel us to
liquidate our assets at inopportune times and at disadvantageous
prices, thereby harming our operating results. If we sell our
mortgage-backed securities at prices lower than their carrying
value, we would experience losses.
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Because the assets that we acquire might experience
periods of illiquidity, we might be prevented from selling our
mortgage-related assets at opportune times and prices. |
We bear the risk of being unable to dispose of our
mortgage-related assets at advantageous times and prices or in a
timely manner because mortgage-related assets generally
experience periods of illiquidity. The lack of liquidity might
result from the absence of a willing buyer or an established
market for these assets, as well as legal or contractual
restrictions on resale. If we are unable to sell our
mortgage-related assets at opportune times, we might suffer a
loss and/or reduce our distributions.
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We remain subject to losses despite our strategy of
investing in highly-rated mortgage-backed securities. |
Our investment guidelines provide that at least 90% of our
assets must be invested in mortgage-backed securities that are
either agency-backed or are rated at least investment grade by
at least one nationally recognized statistical rating agency.
While highly-rated mortgage-backed securities are generally
subject to a lower risk of default than lower credit quality
mortgage-backed securities and may benefit from third-party
credit enhancements such as insurance or corporate guarantees,
there is no assurance that such mortgage-backed securities will
not be subject to credit losses. Furthermore, ratings are
subject to change over time as a result of a number of factors,
including greater than expected delinquencies, defaults or
credit losses or a deterioration in the financial strength of
corporate guarantors, any of which may reduce the market value
of such securities. Furthermore, ratings do not take into
account the reasonableness of the issue price, interest risks,
prepayment risks, extension risks or other risks associated with
such mortgage-backed securities. As a result, while we attempt
to mitigate our exposure to credit risk on a relative basis by
focusing on highly-rated mortgage-backed securities, we cannot
eliminate such credit risks and remain subject to other risks to
our investment portfolio and may suffer losses, which may harm
the market price of our common stock.
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Our investment guidelines permit us to invest up to 10% of
our assets in unrated mortgage-related assets and
mortgage-backed securities rated below investment-grade, which
carry a greater likelihood of default or rating downgrade than
investments in investment-grade mortgage-backed securities and
may cause us to suffer losses. |
Our investment guidelines allow us to invest up to 10% of our
assets in lower credit quality mortgage-related assets,
including mortgage-backed securities that are not rated at least
investment grade by at least one nationally-recognized
statistical rating organization, and other investments such as
leveraged mortgage derivative securities, shares of other REITs,
mortgage loans or other mortgage-related investments. If we
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acquire non-investment-grade mortgage-backed securities, which
may include residual mortgage-backed securities, we are more
likely to incur losses because the mortgages underlying those
securities are made to borrowers possessing lower-quality
credit. While all mortgage-backed securities are subject to a
risk of default, that risk is greater with non-investment grade
mortgage-backed securities. In addition, the rating agencies are
more likely to downgrade the credit quality of those securities,
which would reduce the value of those securities.
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Our use of repurchase agreements to borrow funds may give
our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or any of
our lenders file for bankruptcy. |
Our borrowings under repurchase agreements may qualify for
special treatment under the bankruptcy code, giving our lenders
the ability to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the
bankruptcy code and to take possession of and liquidate our
collateral under the repurchase agreements without delay if we
file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special treatment of
repurchase agreements under the bankruptcy code may make it
difficult for us to recover our pledged assets in the event that
any of our lenders files for bankruptcy. Thus, the use of
repurchase agreements exposes our pledged assets to risk in the
event of a bankruptcy filing by any of our lenders or us.
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Defaults on the mortgage loans underlying our
mortgage-backed securities may reduce the value of our
investment portfolio and may harm our results of
operations. |
We bear the risk of any losses resulting from any defaults on
the mortgage loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities in
our investment portfolio. Many of the mortgage-backed securities
that we acquire have one or more forms of credit enhancement
provided by third parties, such as insurance against risk of
loss due to default on the underlying mortgage loans or
bankruptcy, fraud and special hazard losses. To the extent that
third parties have agreed to insure against these types of
losses, the value of such insurance will depend in part on the
creditworthiness and claims-paying ability of the insurer and
the timeliness of reimbursement in the event of a default on the
underlying obligations. Further, the insurance coverage for
various types of losses is limited in amount, and we would bear
losses in excess of these limitations.
Other mortgage-backed securities that we purchase are subject to
limited guarantees of the payment of limited amounts of
principal and interest on mortgage loans underlying such
mortgage-backed securities, either by federal government
agencies, including Ginnie Mae, by federally-chartered
corporations, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or by other
corporate guarantors. While Ginnie Maes obligations are
backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, the
obligations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and other corporate
guarantors are solely their own. As a result, a substantial
deterioration in the financial strength of Fannie Mae, Freddie
Mac or other corporate guarantors could increase our exposure to
future delinquencies, defaults or credit losses on our holdings
of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac-backed mortgage-backed securities
or other corporate-backed mortgage-backed securities, and could
harm our results of operations. In addition, while Freddie Mac
guarantees the eventual payment of principal, it does not
guarantee the timely payment thereof, and our results of
operations may be harmed if borrowers are late or delinquent in
their payments on mortgages underlying Freddie Mac-backed
mortgage-backed securities. Moreover, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac,
Ginnie Mae and other corporate guarantees relate only to
payments of limited amounts of principal and interest on the
mortgages underlying such agency-backed or corporate-backed
securities, and do not guarantee the market value of such
mortgage-backed securities or the yields on such mortgage-backed
securities. As a result, we remain subject to interest rate
risks, prepayment risks, extension risks and other risks
associated with our investment in such mortgage-backed
securities and may experience losses in our investment portfolio.
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Decreases in the value of the property underlying our
mortgage-backed securities might decrease the value of our
assets. |
The mortgage-backed securities in which we invest are secured by
underlying real property interests. To the extent that the value
of the property underlying our mortgage-backed securities
decreases, our security might be impaired, which might decrease
the value of our assets.
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Insurance will not cover all potential losses on the
underlying real property and the absence thereof may harm the
value of our assets. |
Under our asset acquisition policy, we are permitted to invest
up to a maximum of 10% of our total assets in assets other than
agency-backed securities, or rated as at least investment grade
by a nationally recognized statistical rating agency. Mortgage
loans that fall outside of this category of investments under
our investment guidelines are subject to the 10% limitation. If
we elect to purchase mortgage loans, we may require that each of
the mortgage loans that we purchase include comprehensive
insurance covering the underlying real property, including
liability, fire and extended coverage. Certain types of losses,
however, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as
earthquakes, floods and hurricanes, may be uninsurable or not
economically insurable. Inflation, changes in building codes and
ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors might
also make it infeasible to use insurance proceeds to replace a
property if it is damaged or destroyed. Under such
circumstances, the insurance proceeds, if any, might not be
adequate to restore the economic value of the underlying real
property, which might impair our security and decrease the value
of our assets.
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Distressed mortgage loans have a higher risk of future
default. |
If we elect to purchase mortgage loans, we may purchase
distressed mortgage loans as well as mortgage loans that have
had a history of delinquencies. These distressed mortgage loans
may be in default or may have a greater than normal risk of
future defaults and delinquencies, compared to a pool of
newly-originated, high quality loans of comparable type, size
and geographic concentration. Returns on an investment of this
type depend on accurate pricing of such investment, the
borrowers ability to make required payments or, in the
event of default, the ability of the loans servicer to
foreclose and liquidate the mortgage loan. We cannot assure you
that the servicer will be able to liquidate a defaulted mortgage
loan in a cost-effective manner, at an advantageous price or in
a timely manner.
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Subordinated loans on real estate are subject to higher
risks. |
If we elect to purchase mortgage loans, we may acquire loans
secured by commercial properties, including loans that are
subordinated to first liens on the underlying commercial real
estate. Subordinated mortgage loans are subject to greater risks
of loss than first lien mortgage loans. An overall decline in
the real estate market could reduce the value of the real
property securing such loans such that the aggregate outstanding
balance of the second-lien loan and the outstanding balance of
the more senior loan on the real property exceed the value of
the real property.
Risks Related to Seneca
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We pay Seneca incentive compensation based on our
portfolios performance. This arrangement may lead Seneca
to recommend riskier or more speculative investments in an
effort to maximize its incentive compensation. |
In addition to its base management fee, Seneca earns incentive
compensation for each fiscal quarter equal to a specified
percentage of the amount by which our taxable income, before
deducting incentive compensation, exceeds a return on equity
based on the 10-year
U.S. Treasury rate plus 2%. The percentage for this
calculation is the weighted-average of the following percentages
based on our average net invested assets for the fiscal quarter:
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20% for the first $400 million of our average net invested
assets; and |
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10% of our average net invested assets in excess of
$400 million. |
Pursuant to the formula for calculating Senecas incentive
compensation, Seneca shares in our profits but not in our
losses. Consequently, as Seneca evaluates different
mortgage-backed securities and other investments for our
account, there is a risk that Seneca will cause us to assume
more risk than is prudent in an attempt to increase its
incentive compensation. Other key criteria related to
determining appropriate investments and investment strategies,
including the preservation of capital, might be under-weighted
if Seneca focuses exclusively or disproportionately on
maximizing its incentive income from us.
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We may be obligated to pay Seneca incentive compensation
even if we incur a loss. |
Pursuant to the management agreement, Seneca is entitled to
receive incentive compensation for each fiscal quarter in an
amount equal to a tiered percentage of the excess of our taxable
income for that quarter (before deducting incentive
compensation, net operating losses and certain other items)
above a threshold return for that quarter. In addition, the
management agreement further provides that our taxable income
for incentive compensation purposes excludes net capital losses
that we may incur in the fiscal quarter, even if such capital
losses result in us incurring net loss for that quarter. Thus,
we may be required to pay Seneca incentive compensation for a
fiscal quarter even if there is a decline in the value of our
portfolio or we incur a net loss for that quarter.
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Because Seneca is entitled to a significant fee if we
terminate the management agreement, economic considerations
might preclude us from terminating the management agreement in
the event that Seneca fails to meet our expectations. |
From time to time, we will assess whether we should be
internally managed. In May 2004, our board of directors formed a
committee of independent directors to assess the advisability of
internalization and this assessment is currently ongoing. If we
terminate the management agreement without cause or because we
decide to manage our company internally or if Seneca terminates
the management in the event of a change of control, then we will
have to pay a significant fee to Seneca. The amount of the fee
depends on whether:
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we terminate the management agreement without cause in
connection with a decision to manage our portfolio internally,
in which case we will be obligated to pay to Seneca a fee equal
to the highest amount of management fee incurred in a particular
year during the then three most recent years; or |
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our decision to terminate the management agreement without cause
is for a reason other than our decision to manage our portfolio
internally, in which case we will be obligated to pay Seneca an
amount equal to two times the highest amount of management fee
incurred in a particular year during the then three most recent
years. |
In each of the above cases, Seneca will also receive accelerated
vesting of the stock component of its incentive compensation.
The actual amount of such fee cannot be known at this time
because it is based in part on the performance of our portfolio
of mortgage-backed securities. Paying this fee would reduce
significantly the cash available for distribution to our
stockholders and might cause us to suffer a net operating loss.
Consequently, terminating the management agreement might not be
advisable even if we determine that it would be more efficient
to operate with an internal management structure or if we are
otherwise dissatisfied with Senecas performance.
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Senecas liability is limited under the management
agreement, and we have agreed to indemnify Seneca against
certain liabilities. |
Seneca has not assumed any responsibility to us other than to
render the services described in the management agreement, and
is not responsible for any action of our board of directors in
declining to follow Senecas advice or recommendations.
Seneca and its directors, officers and employees will not be
liable to us for acts performed by its officers, directors or
employees in accordance with and pursuant to the management
agreement, except for acts constituting gross negligence,
recklessness, willful misconduct or active fraud in connection
with their duties under the management agreement. We have agreed
to indemnify Seneca and its directors, officers and employees
with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities,
demands, charges and claims arising from acts of Seneca not
constituting gross negligence, recklessness, willful misconduct
or active fraud.
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Seneca might allocate mortgage-related opportunities to
other entities, and thus might divert attractive investment
opportunities away from us. |
Our operations and assets are managed by specified individuals
at Seneca. Seneca and those individuals, including some of our
officers, manage mortgage and other portfolios for parties
unrelated to us. These
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multiple responsibilities might create conflicts of interest for
Seneca and these individuals if they are presented with
opportunities that might benefit us and Senecas other
clients. Seneca and these individuals must allocate investments
among our portfolio and their other clients by determining the
entity or account for which the investment is most suitable. In
making this determination, Seneca and these individuals consider
the investment strategy and guidelines of each entity or account
with respect to the acquisition of assets, leverage, liquidity
and other factors that Seneca and these individuals determine to
be appropriate. However, Seneca and those working on its behalf
have no obligation to make any specific investment opportunities
available to us and the above-mentioned conflicts of interest
might result in decisions or allocations of investments that are
not in our or our stockholders best interests.
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Seneca may render services to other mortgage investors,
which could reduce the amount of time and effort that Seneca
devotes to us. |
Our management agreement with Seneca does not restrict the right
of Seneca or any persons working on its behalf to carry on their
respective businesses, including the rendering of advice to
others regarding the purchase of mortgage-backed securities that
would meet our investment criteria. In addition, the management
agreement does not specify a minimum time period that Seneca and
its personnel must devote to managing our investments. The
ability of Seneca to engage in these other business activities,
and specifically to manage mortgage-related assets for third
parties, could reduce the time and effort it spends managing our
portfolio to the detriment of our investment returns.
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Seneca has significant influence over our affairs, and
might cause us to engage in transactions that are not in our or
our stockholders best interests. |
In addition to managing us and having two of its officers as
members of our board, Seneca provides advice on our operating
policies and strategies. Seneca may also cause us to engage in
future transactions with Seneca and its affiliates, subject to
the approval of, or guidelines approved by, the independent
members of our board of directors. Our directors, however, rely
primarily on information supplied by Seneca in reaching their
determinations. Accordingly, Seneca has significant influence
over our affairs, and may cause us to engage in transactions
that are not in our or our stockholders best interests.
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Seneca has limited experience managing a REIT and we
cannot assure you that Senecas past experience will be
sufficient to manage our business as a REIT successfully. |
Seneca has limited experience managing a REIT, and limited
experience in complying with the income, asset and other
limitations imposed by the REIT provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code. Those provisions are complex and the failure to
comply with those provisions in a timely manner could cause us
to lose our qualification as a REIT or could force us to pay
unexpected taxes and penalties. In such event, our net income
would be reduced and we could incur a loss.
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During periods of declining market prices for our common
stock, we may be required to issue greater numbers of shares to
Seneca for the same amount of incentive compensation arising
under the management agreement, which will have a dilutive
effect on our stockholders that may harm the market price of our
common stock. |
Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, the incentive
compensation payable to Seneca for each fiscal quarter is paid
one-half in cash and one-half in restricted shares of our common
stock. The number of shares to be issued to Seneca is based on
(a) one-half of the total incentive compensation for the
period, divided by (b) the average of the closing prices of
our common stock over the
30-day period ending
three calendar days prior to the grant date, less a fair market
value discount determined by our board of directors on a
quarterly basis. During periods of declining market prices of
our common stock, we may be required to issue more shares to
Seneca for the same amount of incentive compensation. Although
these shares are subject to restrictions on transfer that lapse
ratably over a three-year period, the issuance of these shares
will have a dilutive effect on our stockholders that may harm
the market price of our common stock.
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Investors may not be able to estimate with certainty the
aggregate fees and expense reimbursements that will be paid to
Seneca under the management agreement and the cost-sharing
agreement due to the time and manner in which Senecas
incentive compensation and expense reimbursements are
determined. |
Seneca may be entitled to substantial fees pursuant to the
management agreement. Senecas base management fee is
calculated as a percentage of our average net worth.
Senecas incentive compensation is calculated as a tiered
percentage of our taxable income, before deducting certain
items, in excess of a threshold amount of taxable income and is
indeterminable in advance of a particular period. Since future
payments of base management fees, incentive compensation and
expense reimbursements are determined at future dates based upon
our then-applicable average net worth, results of operations and
actual expenses incurred by Seneca, such fees and expense
reimbursements cannot be estimated with mathematical certainty.
Any base management fees, incentive compensation or expense
reimbursements payable to Seneca may be materially greater or
less than the historical amounts and we can provide no assurance
at this time as to the amount of any such base management fee,
incentive compensation or expense reimbursements that may be
payable to Seneca in the future.
Legal and Tax Risks
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If we are disqualified as a REIT, we will be subject to
tax as a regular corporation and face substantial tax
liability. |
Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly
technical and complex U.S. federal income tax code
provisions for which only a limited number of judicial or
administrative interpretations exist. Accordingly, it is not
certain we will be able to remain qualified as a REIT for
U.S. federal income tax purposes. Even a technical or
inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status.
Furthermore, Congress or the Internal Revenue Service (the
IRS), might change tax laws or regulations and the
courts might issue new rulings, in each case potentially having
retroactive effect, that could make it more difficult or
impossible for us to qualify as a REIT in a particular tax year.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, then:
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we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which,
among other things, means that we would be unable to deduct
distributions to our stockholders in computing taxable income
and we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our
taxable income at regular corporate rates; |
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any resulting tax liability could be substantial, would reduce
the amount of cash available for distribution to our
stockholders and could force us to liquidate assets at
inopportune times, causing lower income or higher losses than
would result if these assets were not liquidated; and |
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unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory
provisions, we would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT
for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during
which we lost our qualification and, thus, our cash available
for distribution to our stockholders would be reduced for each
of the years during which we did not qualify as a REIT. |
Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we might face other tax
liabilities that reduce our cash flow. Further, we might be
subject to federal, state and local taxes on our income and
property. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for
distribution to our stockholders.
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Complying with the REIT requirements might cause us to
forego otherwise attractive opportunities. |
In order to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things,
our sources of income, the nature and diversification of our
mortgage-backed securities, the amounts we distribute to our
stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may also be
required to make distributions to our stockholders at
disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily
available for distribution. Thus, compliance with REIT
requirements may cause us to forego opportunities we would
otherwise pursue.
In addition, the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code
impose a 100% tax on income from prohibited
transactions. Prohibited transactions generally include
sales of assets that constitute inventory or
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other property held for sale in the ordinary course of a
business, other than foreclosure property. This 100% tax could
impact our desire to sell mortgage-backed securities at
otherwise opportune times if we believe such sales could be
considered a prohibited transaction.
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Complying with the REIT requirements may limit our ability
to hedge effectively. |
The existing REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code
substantially limit our ability to hedge mortgage-backed
securities and related borrowings. Under these provisions, our
annual income from qualified hedges, together with any other
income not generated from qualified REIT real estate assets, is
limited to less than 25% of our gross income. In addition, we
must limit our aggregate income from hedging and services from
all sources, other than from qualified REIT real estate assets
or qualified hedges, to less than 5% of our annual gross income.
As a result, we might in the future have to limit our use of
advantageous hedging techniques, which could leave us exposed to
greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we
would otherwise want to bear. If we fail to satisfy the 25% or
5% limitations, unless our failure was due to reasonable cause
and we meet certain other technical requirements, we could lose
our REIT status for federal income tax purposes. Even if our
failure were due to reasonable cause, we might have to pay a
penalty tax equal to the amount of our income in excess of
certain thresholds, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect
our profitability.
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Complying with the REIT requirements may force us to
borrow to make distributions to our stockholders. |
As a REIT, we must distribute 90% of our annual taxable income
(subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders. From time
to time, we might generate taxable income greater than our net
income for financial reporting purposes from, among other
things, amortization of capitalized purchase premiums, or our
taxable income might be greater than our cash flow available for
distribution to our stockholders. If we do not have other funds
available in these situations, we might be unable to distribute
90% of our taxable income as required by the REIT rules. In that
case, we would need to borrow funds, sell a portion of our
mortgage-backed securities potentially at disadvantageous prices
or find another alternative source of funds. These alternatives
could increase our costs or reduce our equity and reduce amounts
available to invest in mortgage-backed securities.
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Complying with the REIT requirements may force us to
liquidate otherwise attractive investments. |
In order to qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that at the end of
each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our assets
consists of cash, cash items, government securities and
qualified REIT real estate assets. The remainder of our
investment in securities generally cannot include more than 10%
of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more
than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any
one issuer. In addition, generally, no more than 5% of the value
of our assets can consist of the securities of any one issuer.
If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could lose our
REIT status unless we are able to avail ourselves of certain
relief provisions. Under certain relief provisions, we would be
subject to penalty taxes.
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Failure to maintain an exemption from the Investment
Company Act would harm our results of operations. |
We intend to conduct our business so as not to become regulated
as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended. If we fail to qualify for this exemption, our
ability to use leverage would be substantially reduced and we
would be unable to conduct our business as described in this
prospectus.
The Investment Company Act exempts entities that are primarily
engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring
mortgages and other liens on, and interests in, real estate.
Under the current interpretation of the SEC, in order to qualify
for this exemption, we must maintain at least 55% of our assets
directly in these qualifying real estate interests.
Mortgage-backed securities that do not represent all of the
certificates issued with respect to an underlying pool of
mortgages may be treated as separate from the
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underlying mortgage loans and, thus, may not qualify for
purposes of the 55% requirement. Therefore, our ownership of
these mortgage-backed securities is limited by the provisions of
the Investment Company Act.
In satisfying the 55% requirement under the Investment Company
Act, we treat as qualifying interests mortgage-backed securities
issued with respect to an underlying pool as to which we hold
all issued certificates. If the SEC adopts a contrary
interpretation of such treatment, we could be required to sell a
substantial amount of our mortgage-backed securities under
potentially adverse market conditions. Further, in our attempts
to ensure that we at all times qualify for the exemption under
the Investment Company Act, we might be precluded from acquiring
mortgage-backed securities if their yield is higher than the
yield on mortgage-backed securities that could be purchased in a
manner consistent with the exemption. These factors may lower or
eliminate our net income.
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Misplaced reliance on legal opinions or statements by
issuers of mortgage-backed securities could result in a failure
to comply with the REIT income or assets tests. |
When purchasing mortgage-backed securities, we may rely on
opinions of counsel for the issuer or sponsor of such
securities, or statements made in related offering documents,
for purposes of determining whether and to what extent those
securities constitute REIT real estate assets for purposes of
the REIT asset tests and produce income that qualifies under the
REIT gross income tests. The inaccuracy of any such opinions or
statements may adversely affect our REIT qualification and
result in significant corporate-level tax.
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One-action rules may harm the value of the underlying
property. |
Several states have laws that prohibit more than one action to
enforce a mortgage obligation, and some courts have construed
the term action broadly. In such jurisdictions, if
the judicial action is not conducted according to law, there may
be no other recourse in enforcing a mortgage obligation, thereby
decreasing the value of the underlying property.
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We may be harmed by changes in various laws and
regulations. |
Changes in the laws or regulations governing Seneca may impair
Senecas ability to perform services in accordance with the
management agreement. Our business may be harmed by changes to
the laws and regulations affecting Seneca or us, including
changes to securities laws and changes to the Internal Revenue
Code applicable to the taxation of REITs. New legislation may be
enacted into law or new interpretations, rulings or regulations
could be adopted, any of which could harm us, Seneca and our
stockholders, potentially with retroactive effect.
Legislation was recently enacted that reduces the maximum tax
rate of non-corporate taxpayers for capital gains (for taxable
years ending on or after May 6, 2003 and before
January 1, 2009) and for dividends (for taxable years
beginning after December 31, 2002 and before
January 1, 2009) to 15%. Generally, dividends paid by REITs
are not eligible for the new 15% federal income tax rate, with
certain exceptions discussed under United States Federal
Income Tax Considerations Taxation of Taxable United
States Stockholders and Distributions
Generally. Although this legislation does not adversely
affect the taxation of REITs or dividends paid by REITs, the
more favorable treatment of regular corporate dividends could
cause investors who are individuals to consider stocks of other
corporations that pay dividends as more attractive relative to
stocks of REITs.
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We may incur excess inclusion income that would increase
the tax liability of our stockholders. |
In general, dividend income that a tax-exempt entity receives
from us should not constitute unrelated business taxable income
as defined in Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code. If
we realize excess inclusion income and allocate it to our
stockholders, this income cannot be offset by net operating
losses. If the stockholder is a tax-exempt entity, then this
income would be fully taxable as unrelated business taxable
income under Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code. If
the stockholder is foreign, it would be subject to
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U.S. federal income tax withholding on this income without
reduction pursuant to any otherwise applicable income-tax treaty.
Excess inclusion income could result if we held a residual
interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC.
Excess inclusion income also would be generated if we were to
issue debt obligations with two or more maturities and the terms
of the payments on these obligations bore a relationship to the
payments that we received on our mortgage-backed securities
securing those debt obligations. We generally structure our
borrowing arrangements in a manner designed to avoid generating
significant amounts of excess inclusion income. We do, however,
enter into various repurchase agreements that have differing
maturity dates and afford the lender the right to sell any
pledged mortgage securities if we default on our obligations.
The IRS may determine that these borrowings give rise to excess
inclusion income that should be allocated among our
stockholders. Furthermore, some types of tax-exempt entities,
including voluntary employee benefit associations and entities
that have borrowed funds to acquire our common stock, may be
required to treat a portion of or all of the distributions they
may receive from us as unrelated business taxable income.
Finally, we may invest in equity securities of other REITs and
it is possible that we might receive excess inclusion income
from those investments.
Risks Related to Investing in Our Securities
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We have not established a minimum distribution payment
level, and we cannot assure you of our ability to make
distributions to our stockholders in the future. |
Our policy is to make quarterly distributions to our
stockholders in amounts such that we distribute all or
substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to
certain adjustments, which, along with other factors, should
enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT
under the Internal Revenue Code. We have not established a
minimum distribution payment level and our ability to make
distributions might be harmed by the risk factors described in
this prospectus. All distributions will be made at the
discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our
earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT
status and such other factors as our board of directors may deem
relevant from time to time. We cannot assure you that we will
have the ability to make distributions to our stockholders in
the future.
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Our declared cash distributions may force us to liquidate
mortgage-backed securities or borrow additional funds. |
From time to time, our board of directors will declare cash
distributions. These distribution declarations are irrevocable.
If we do not have sufficient cash to fund distributions, we will
need to liquidate mortgage-backed securities or borrow funds by
entering into repurchase agreements or otherwise borrowing funds
under our margin lending facility to pay the distribution. If
required, the sale of mortgage-backed securities at prices lower
than the carrying value of such assets would result in losses.
Additionally, if we were to borrow funds on a regular basis to
make distributions, it is likely that our results of operations
and our stock price would be harmed.
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Future offerings of debt securities by us, which would be
senior to our common stock upon liquidation, or equity
securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may
be senior to our common stock for the purposes of distributions,
may harm the value of our common stock. |
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources
by making additional offerings of debt or equity securities,
including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or
subordinated notes and classes of preferred stock or common
stock. Upon our liquidation, holders of our debt securities and
shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other
borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets
prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity
offerings by us may dilute the holdings of our existing
stockholders or reduce the value of our common stock, or both.
Our preferred stock, if issued, would have a preference on
distributions that could limit our ability to make distributions
to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to
issue securities in any future offering will depend on market
conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot
predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future
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offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future
offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and
diluting their stock holdings in us.
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Changes in yields may harm the market price of our common
stock. |
Our earnings are derived primarily from the expected positive
spread between the yield on our assets and the cost of our
borrowings. This spread will not necessarily be larger in high
interest rate environments than in low interest rate
environments and may also be negative. In addition, during
periods of high interest rates, our net income and, therefore,
the amount of any distributions on our common stock, might be
less attractive compared to alternative investments of equal or
lower risk. Each of these factors could harm the market price of
our common stock.
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The market price and trading volume of our common stock
may be volatile. |
The market price of our common stock may be volatile and be
subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in
our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price
variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock
declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares
at or above your purchase price. We cannot assure you that the
market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline
significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could
negatively affect our stock price or result in fluctuations in
the price or trading volume of our common stock include:
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actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating
results or distributions; |
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changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates or
publication of research reports about us or the real estate
industry; |
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increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our
shares to demand a higher yield; |
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changes in market valuations of similar companies; |
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adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we incur in the
future; |
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additions or departures of key management personnel; |
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the termination of or resignation by Seneca as our manager; |
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actions by institutional stockholders; |
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speculation in the press or investment community; and |
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general market and economic conditions. |
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Issuance of large amounts of our stock could cause our
price to decline. |
This prospectus may be used for the issuance of additional
shares of common stock or shares of preferred stock that are
convertible into common stock. If we were to issue a significant
number of shares of our common stock or convertible preferred
stock in a short period of time, our outstanding shares of
common stock could be diluted and the market price of our common
stock could decrease.
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Restrictions on ownership of a controlling percentage of
our capital stock might limit your opportunity to receive a
premium on our stock. |
For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification and for
other reasons, our charter prohibits direct or constructive
ownership by any person of more than 9.8% of the lesser of the
total number or value of the outstanding shares of our common
stock or more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of our
preferred stock. The constructive ownership rules in our charter
are complex and may cause our outstanding stock owned by a group
of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be
constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result,
the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding stock by an
individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to
own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our outstanding stock,
and thus be subject to the ownership limit in our charter. Any
attempt to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred
stock in
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excess of the ownership limit without the consent of our board
of directors is void, and will result in the shares being
transferred by operation of law to a charitable trust. These
provisions might inhibit market activity and the resulting
opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their
shares that might otherwise exist if any person were to attempt
to assemble a block of our stock in excess of the number of
shares permitted under our charter and that may be in the best
interests of our stockholders.
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Broad market fluctuations could harm the market price of
our common stock. |
The stock market has experienced price and volume fluctuations
that have affected the market price of many companies in
industries similar or related to ours and that have been
unrelated to these companies operating performances. These
broad market fluctuations could reduce the market price of our
common stock. Furthermore, our operating results and prospects
may be below the expectations of public market analysts and
investors or may be lower than those of companies with
comparable market capitalizations, which could harm the market
price of our common stock.
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Certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and
bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control of our
company. |
Certain provisions of Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws
have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing
transactions that involve an actual or threatened change in
control of our company. These provisions include the following:
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Classified Board of Directors. Our board of directors is
divided into three classes with staggered terms of office of
three years each. The classification and staggered terms of
office of our directors make it more difficult for a third party
to gain control of our board of directors. At least two annual
meetings of stockholders, instead of one, generally would be
required to effect a change in a majority of our board of
directors. |
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Removal of Directors. Under our charter, subject to the
rights of one or more classes or series of preferred stock to
elect one or more directors, a director may be removed only for
cause and only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of
all votes entitled to be cast by our stockholders generally in
the election of directors. |
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Number of Directors, Board Vacancies, Term of Office. We
have elected to be subject to certain provisions of Maryland law
that vest in our board of directors the exclusive right to
determine the number of directors and the exclusive right, by
the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors,
to fill vacancies on the board even if the remaining directors
do not constitute a quorum. These provisions of Maryland law,
which are applicable even if other provisions of Maryland law or
our charter or bylaws provide to the contrary, also provide that
any director elected to fill a vacancy shall hold office for the
remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which
the vacancy occurred, rather than the next annual meeting of
stockholders as would otherwise be the case, and until his or
her successor is elected and qualifies. |
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Limitation on Stockholder-Requested Special Meetings. Our
bylaws provide that our stockholders have the right to call a
special meeting only upon the written request of stockholders
entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes
entitled to be cast by our stockholders at such meeting. |
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Advance Notice Provisions for Stockholder Nominations and
Proposals. Our bylaws require advance written notice for
stockholders to nominate persons for election as directors at,
or to bring other business before, any meeting of our
stockholders. This bylaw provision limits the ability of our
stockholders to make nominations of persons for election as
directors or to introduce other proposals unless we are notified
in a timely manner prior to the meeting. |
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Exclusive Authority of our Board to Amend our Bylaws. Our
bylaws provide that our board of directors has the exclusive
power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of our bylaws or
to make new bylaws. Thus, our stockholders may not effect any
changes to our bylaws. |
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Preferred Stock. Under our charter, our board of
directors has authority to issue preferred stock from time to
time in one or more series and to establish the terms,
preferences and rights of any such series of preferred stock,
all without approval of our stockholders. |
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Duties of Directors with Respect to Unsolicited
Takeovers. Maryland law provides protection for Maryland
corporations against unsolicited takeovers by limiting, among
other things, the duties of the directors in unsolicited
takeover situations. The duties of directors of Maryland
corporations do not require them to (1) accept, recommend
or respond to any proposal by a person seeking to acquire
control of the corporation, (2) authorize the corporation
to redeem any rights under, or modify or render inapplicable,
any stockholder rights plan, (3) make a determination under the
Maryland Business Combination Act or the Maryland Control Share
Acquisition Act, or (4) act or fail to act solely because
of the effect the act or failure to act may have on an
acquisition or potential acquisition of control of the
corporation or the amount or type of consideration that may be
offered or paid to the stockholders in an acquisition. Moreover,
under Maryland law, the act of the directors of a Maryland
corporation relating to or affecting an acquisition or potential
acquisition of control is not subject to any higher duty or
greater scrutiny than is applied to any other act of a director.
Maryland law also contains a statutory presumption that an act
of a director of a Maryland corporation satisfies the applicable
standards of conduct for directors under Maryland law. |
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Ownership Limit. In order to preserve our status as a
REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, our charter generally
prohibits any single stockholder, or any group of affiliated
stockholders, from beneficially owning more than 9.8% of our
outstanding common and preferred stock unless our board of
directors waives or modifies this ownership limit. |
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Maryland Business Combination Act. The Maryland Business
Combination Act provides that, unless exempted, a Maryland
corporation may not engage in business combinations, including
mergers, dispositions of 10% or more of its assets, certain
issuances of shares of stock and other specified transactions,
with an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an
interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date
on which the interested stockholder became an interested
stockholder, and thereafter unless specified criteria are met.
An interested stockholder is generally a person owning or
controlling, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting
power of the outstanding stock of a Maryland corporation. Our
board of directors has adopted a resolution exempting our
company from this statute. However, our board of directors may
repeal or modify this resolution in the future, in which case
the provisions of the Maryland Business Combination Act would be
applicable to business combinations between our company and
interested stockholders. |
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Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. Maryland law
provides that control shares of a corporation
acquired in a control share acquisition shall have
no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of
two-thirds of the votes eligible to be cast on the matter under
the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. Control
shares means shares of stock that, if aggregated with all
other shares of stock previously acquired by the acquiror, would
entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing
directors within one of the following ranges of the voting
power: one-tenth or more but less than one-third, one-third or
more but less than a majority or a majority or more of all
voting power. A control share acquisition means the
acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions. If
voting rights of control shares acquired in a control share
acquisition are not approved at a stockholders meeting,
then, subject to certain conditions and limitations, the
corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares for fair
value. If voting rights of such control shares are approved at a
stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to
vote a majority of the shares of stock entitled to vote, all
other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. Our bylaws
contain a provision exempting acquisitions of our shares from
the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. However, our board
of directors may amend our bylaws in the future to repeal or
modify this exemption, in which case any control shares of our
company acquired in a control share acquisition will be subject
to the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. |
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The market price of our common stock may be adversely
affected by future sales of a substantial number of shares of
our common stock by our existing stockholders in the public
market or the availability of such shares for sale. |
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of our
common stock, or the availability of shares for future sales, on
the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial
amounts of shares of our common stock, or the perception that
these sales could occur, may harm prevailing market prices for
our common stock.
Subject to Rule 144 volume limitations applicable to our
affiliates, substantially all of our 37,113,011 shares of
common stock outstanding as of the date of this prospectus are
eligible for immediate resale by their holders. If any of our
stockholders were to sell a large number of shares in the public
market, the sale could reduce the market price of our common
stock and could impede our ability to raise future capital
through a sale of additional equity securities.
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Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may
affect the market for our common stock, the industry in which we
operate and our operations and profitability. |
Terrorist attacks may harm our results of operations and your
investment. We cannot assure you that there will not be further
terrorist attacks against the United States,
U.S. businesses or elsewhere in the world. These attacks or
armed conflicts may impact the property underlying our
mortgage-backed securities, directly or indirectly, by
undermining economic conditions in the United States. Losses
resulting from terrorist events are generally uninsurable.
USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise indicated in an accompanying prospectus
supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of
the securities offered by this prospectus and the related
accompanying prospectus supplement to expand our portfolio of
mortgage-related assets, primarily U.S. agency and other
highly-rated, single-family, adjustable-rate, hybrid
adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities and
for general corporate purposes. We then intend to further
increase our portfolio of mortgage-related assets by borrowing
against the mortgage-backed securities we purchase with the
offering proceeds and use the funds we borrow to purchase
additional mortgage-backed securities. We expect to pay market
rates for brokerage fees and commissions when purchasing the
securities. Until such assets can be identified and obtained, we
intend to temporarily invest the balance of the proceeds of this
offering in readily marketable interest-bearing assets
consistent with our qualification as a REIT.
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
The following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to fixed
charges for the periods shown:
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For the Period from | |
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For the Nine Months | |
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April 26, 2003 | |
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Ended September 30, | |
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through December 31, | |
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2004 | |
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2003(1) | |
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Ratio of earnings to fixed charges
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2.23 |
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1.31x |
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We commenced operations on April 26, 2003. Our operating
expenses for the period April 26, 2003 through
December 31, 2003 were high in proportion to our gross
interest income and expense and to our net interest income
compared to expectations for future periods of operations
because of the costs of our
start-up operations. |
The ratios of earnings to fixed charges were computed by
dividing earnings as adjusted by fixed charges. For this
purpose, earnings consist of net income from continuing
operations and fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest
expense. To date, we have not issued any preferred stock.
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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following summary highlights the material information about
our capital stock. You should refer to our charter and our
bylaws for a full description. Copies of our charter and our
bylaws are incorporated herein by reference. You can also obtain
copies of our charter and our bylaws and every other exhibit to
our registration statement. Please see Where You Can Find
More Information/ Incorporation by Reference on
page 55 of this prospectus.
We may offer under this prospectus one or more of the following
categories of securities: (i) shares of our common stock;
(ii) shares of our preferred stock, in one or more series;
(iii) warrants to purchase shares of our common stock or
preferred stock; (iv) debt securities and (v) any
combination of the foregoing, either individually or consisting
of one or more of the types of securities described in
clauses (i) through (iv). The terms of any specific
offering of such securities will be set forth in a prospectus
supplement relating to such offering.
General
Our charter provides that we may issue up to
100,000,000 shares of our common stock, $0.001 par
value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of our preferred
stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of December 31,
2004, we had 37,113,011 shares of our common stock issued
and outstanding and no shares of our preferred stock issued and
outstanding. As of December 31, 2004, the number of record
holders of our common stock was 56. The 56 holders of record
include Cede & Co., which holds shares as nominee for
The Depository Trust Company, which itself holds shares on
behalf of beneficial owners of our common stock. Under Maryland
law, our stockholders generally are not liable for our debts or
obligations.
Common Stock
All outstanding shares of our common stock have been duly
authorized, validly issued and are fully paid and
non-assessable, and any shares of our common stock offered
hereby will be duly authorized and, upon issuance in exchange
for the consideration thereof, will be validly issued, fully
paid and non-assessable. Subject to the preferential rights of
any other class or series of stock and to the provisions of our
charter regarding the restrictions on transfers of stock,
holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to receive
dividends on such stock if, as and when authorized and declared
by our board of directors out of assets legally available
therefor and to share ratably in our assets legally available
for distribution to our stockholders in the event of our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or
adequate provision for all our known debts and liabilities.
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the
restrictions on ownership and transfer of stock and the terms of
any other class or series of our stock, each outstanding share
of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all
matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the
election of directors and, except as provided with respect to
any other class or series of our stock, the holders of such
shares of our common stock possess the exclusive voting power.
There is no cumulative voting in the election of our directors,
which means that the holders of a plurality of the outstanding
shares of our common stock voting at that meeting elect all of
the directors then standing for election and the holders of the
remaining shares are not able to elect any of our directors.
Holders of shares of our common stock have no preference,
conversion, exchange, sinking fund or redemption rights and have
no preemptive rights to subscribe for any of our securities.
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the
restrictions on ownership and transfer of stock, shares of our
common stock have equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.
Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, which we sometimes
refer to as the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot
dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially
all of its assets, engage in a share exchange or engage in
similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business
unless approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding
at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the
matter, unless a lesser percentage (but not fewer than a
majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast by the
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stockholders on the matter) is set forth in the
corporations charter. Our charter provides that any such
action shall be effective and valid if taken or authorized by
our stockholders by the affirmative vote of a majority of all
the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, except that
amendments to the provisions of our charter relating to the
removal of directors must be approved by our stockholders by the
affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to
be cast on the matter.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any
unissued shares of our common stock into other classes or series
of classes of our stock, to establish the number of shares in
each class or series and to set the preferences, conversion and
other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to
dividends or other distributions, qualifications or terms or
conditions of redemption for each such class or series.
Preferred Stock
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify any
unissued shares of preferred stock and to reclassify any
previously classified but unissued shares of any series of
preferred stock previously classified by our board of directors.
Prior to the issuance of shares of each class or series of
preferred stock, our board is required by the MGCL and our
charter to fix the terms, preferences, conversion or other
rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends
or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions
of redemption for each such class or series. Thus, our board,
without stockholder approval, could authorize the issuance of
shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could
have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a
transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium
price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their
best interest.
The following description of our preferred stock sets forth
certain general terms and provisions of our preferred stock to
which any prospectus supplement may relate. The statements below
describing the preferred stock are in all respects subject to
and qualified in their entirety by reference to the applicable
provisions of our charter (including the applicable articles
supplementary) and bylaws.
Subject to limitations prescribed by Maryland law and our
charter, our board of directors is authorized to fix the number
of shares constituting each class or series of preferred stock
and the designations and powers, preferences and relative,
participating, optional or other special rights and
qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including
those provisions regarding voting, redemption, dividends,
dissolution or the distribution of assets, conversion or
exchange and such other subjects or matters as may be fixed by
resolution of our board of directors or a duly authorized
committee thereof. Our preferred stock will, when issued in
exchange for the consideration therefor, be fully paid and
non-assessable and will not have, or be subject to, any
preemptive or similar rights, unless otherwise provided in the
prospectus supplement relating to such preferred stock.
You should refer to the prospectus supplement relating to the
class or series of preferred stock offered thereby for specific
terms, including:
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the class or series, title and stated value of that preferred
stock; |
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the number of shares of that preferred stock offered, the
liquidation preference per share and the offering price of that
preferred stock; |
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the dividend rate(s), period(s) and/or payment date(s) or
method(s) of calculation thereof applicable to that preferred
stock; |
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whether dividends on that preferred stock are cumulative or not
and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends on that
preferred stock shall accumulate; |
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the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for that
preferred stock; |
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provisions for a sinking fund, if any, for that preferred stock; |
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provisions for redemption, if applicable, of that preferred
stock; |
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any listing of that preferred stock on any securities exchange; |
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the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which that
preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock,
including the conversion price or manner of calculation thereof; |
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any voting rights; |
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the relative ranking and preference of the preferred stock as to
distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution
or winding up if other than as described in the prospectus
supplement; |
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any limitations on issuance of any other series of preferred
stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the preferred stock
as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation,
dissolution or winding up; |
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a discussion of certain federal income tax considerations
applicable to that preferred stock; |
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any limitations on actual, beneficial or constructive ownership
and restrictions on transfer of that preferred stock and, if
convertible, the related common stock, in each case as may be
appropriate to preserve our status as a REIT; and |
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any other material terms, preferences, rights, limitations or
restrictions of that preferred stock. |
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus
supplement, the preferred stock will, with respect to rights to
the payment of dividends and distribution of our assets and
rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, rank:
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senior to all classes or series of our common stock and to all
of our equity securities the terms of which provide that those
equity securities are junior to the preferred stock; |
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on a parity with all of our equity securities as to which they
are not expressly senior or junior; and |
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junior to all of our equity securities the terms of which
provide that those equity securities will rank senior to it. |
For these purposes, the term equity securities does
not include convertible debt securities.
Holders of shares of our preferred stock of each class or series
are entitled to receive, when, as and if authorized by our board
of directors and declared by us, out of our assets legally
available for payment, cash dividends at rates and on dates as
will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Each
dividend will be payable to holders of record as they appear on
our stock transfer books on the record dates as are fixed by our
board of directors.
Dividends on any class or series of our preferred stock may be
cumulative or non-cumulative, as provided in the applicable
prospectus supplement. Dividends, if cumulative, will accumulate
from and after the date set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. If our board of directors fails to authorize a
dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any class or
series of our preferred stock for which dividends are
non-cumulative, then the holders of that class or series of our
preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend in
respect of the dividend period ending on that dividend payment
date, and we will have no obligation to pay the dividend accrued
for that period, whether or not dividends on that class or
series are declared payable on any future dividend payment date.
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus
supplement, if any shares of our preferred stock of any class or
series are outstanding, no full dividends shall be authorized or
paid or set apart for payment on our preferred stock of any
other class or series ranking, as to dividends, on a parity with
or junior to the preferred stock of that class or series for any
period unless:
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if that class or series of preferred stock has a cumulative
dividend, full cumulative dividends have been or
contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a
sum sufficient for the payment |
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thereof set apart for that payment on the preferred stock of
that class or series for all past dividend periods and the then
current dividend period, or |
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if that class or series of preferred stock does not have a
cumulative dividend, full dividends for the then current
dividend period have been or contemporaneously are authorized
and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment
thereof set apart for that payment on the preferred stock of
that class or series. |
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus
supplement, when dividends are not paid in full or a sum
sufficient for their full payment is not so set apart upon the
shares of preferred stock of any class or series and the shares
of any other class or series of preferred stock ranking on a
parity as to dividends with the preferred stock of that class or
series, all dividends declared upon shares of preferred stock of
that class or series and any other class or series of preferred
stock ranking on a parity as to dividends with that preferred
stock shall be authorized pro rata so that the amount of
dividends authorized per share on the preferred stock of that
class or series and that other class or series of preferred
stock shall in all cases bear to each other the same ratio that
accrued and unpaid dividends per share on the shares of
preferred stock of that class or series, which shall not include
any accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior
dividend periods if that preferred stock does not have a
cumulative dividend, and that other class or series of preferred
stock bear to each other. No interest, or sum of money in lieu
of interest, shall be payable in respect of any dividend payment
or payments on preferred stock of that series that may be in
arrears.
Except as provided in the immediately preceding paragraph or as
otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement,
unless:
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if that class or series of preferred stock has a cumulative
dividend, full cumulative dividends on the preferred stock of
that class or series have been or contemporaneously are
authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the
payment thereof set apart for payment for all past dividend
periods and the then current dividend period; and |
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if that class or series of preferred stock does not have a
cumulative dividend, full dividends on the preferred stock of
that class or series have been or contemporaneously are
authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the
payment thereof set apart for payment for the then current
dividend period, |
then no dividends, other than in our common stock or other stock
ranking junior to the preferred stock of that class or series as
to dividends and upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding
up, shall be authorized or paid or set aside for payment or
other distribution shall be authorized or made upon our common
stock or any of our other stock ranking junior to or on a parity
with the preferred stock of that class or series as to dividends
or upon liquidation, nor shall any common stock, excess stock or
any of our other stock ranking junior to or on a parity with the
preferred stock of such class or series as to dividends or upon
our liquidation, dissolution or winding up be redeemed,
purchased or otherwise acquired for any consideration, or any
moneys be paid to or made available for a sinking fund for the
redemption of any shares of that stock, by us, except by
conversion into or exchange for other of our stock ranking
junior to the preferred stock of that class or series as to
dividends and upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
Any dividend payment made on shares of a class or series of
preferred stock will be first credited against the earliest
accrued but unpaid dividend due with respect to shares of that
class or series that remains payable.
If the applicable prospectus supplements so states, the shares
of preferred stock will be subject to mandatory redemption or
redemption at our option, in whole or in part, in each case on
the terms, at the times and at the redemption prices set forth
in that prospectus supplement.
The prospectus supplement relating to a class or series of
preferred stock that is subject to mandatory redemption will
specify the number of shares of that preferred stock that shall
be redeemed by us in each year commencing after a date to be
specified, at a redemption price per share to be specified,
together with an
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amount equal to all accrued and unpaid dividends thereon, which
shall not, if that preferred stock does not have a cumulative
dividend, include any accumulation in respect of unpaid
dividends for prior dividend periods, to the date of redemption.
The redemption price may be payable in cash or other property,
as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. If the
redemption price for preferred stock of any series is payable
only from the net proceeds of the issuance of our stock, the
terms of that preferred stock may provide that, if no such stock
shall have been issued or to the extent the net proceeds from
any issuance are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate
redemption price then due, that preferred stock shall
automatically and mandatorily be converted into shares of our
applicable stock pursuant to conversion provisions specified in
the applicable prospectus supplement.
Notwithstanding the foregoing and except as otherwise specified
in the applicable prospectus supplement, unless:
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if that class or series of preferred stock has a cumulative
dividend, full cumulative dividends on all shares of any class
or series of preferred stock shall have been or
contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a
sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for payment for
all past dividend periods and the then current dividend
period; and |
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if that class or series of preferred stock does not have a
cumulative dividend, full dividends on the preferred stock of
any class or series have been or contemporaneously are
authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the
payment thereof set apart for payment for the then current
dividend period; |
no shares of any class or series of preferred stock shall be
redeemed unless all outstanding shares of preferred stock of
that class or series are simultaneously redeemed; provided,
however, that the foregoing shall not prevent the purchase or
acquisition of shares of preferred stock of that class or series
pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms
to holders of all outstanding shares of preferred stock of that
class or series.
If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of preferred stock
of any class or series are to be redeemed, the number of shares
to be redeemed will be determined by us and those shares may be
redeemed pro rata from the holders of record of those shares in
proportion to the number of those shares held by those holders,
with adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares, or
any other equitable method determined by us that will not result
in the issuance of any excess preferred stock.
Notice of redemption will be mailed at least 30 days but
not more than 60 days before the redemption date to each
holder of record of a share of preferred stock of any class or
series to be redeemed at the address shown on our stock transfer
books. Each notice shall state:
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the redemption date; |
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the number of shares and class or series of the preferred stock
to be redeemed; |
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the redemption price; |
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the place or places where certificates for that preferred stock
are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price; |
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that dividends on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accrue
on that redemption date; and |
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the date upon which the holders conversion rights, if any,
as to those shares will terminate. |
If fewer than all the shares of preferred stock of any class or
series are to be redeemed, the notice mailed to each holder
thereof shall also specify the number of shares of preferred
stock to be redeemed from each holder. If notice of redemption
of any shares of preferred stock has been given and if the funds
necessary for that redemption have been set apart by us in trust
for the benefit of the holders of any shares of preferred stock
so called for redemption, then from and after the redemption
date dividends will cease to accrue on those shares of preferred
stock, those shares of preferred stock shall no longer be deemed
outstanding and all rights of the holders of those shares will
terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price.
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Upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or
winding up, then, before any distribution or payment shall be
made to the holders of any common stock or any other class or
series of our stock ranking junior to that class or series of
preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of each
class or series of preferred stock shall be entitled to receive
out of our assets legally available for distribution to
stockholders liquidating distributions in the amount of the
liquidation preference per share, set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement, plus an amount equal to all dividends
accrued and unpaid thereon, which shall not include any
accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend
periods if that class or series of preferred stock does not have
a cumulative dividend. After payment of the full amount of the
liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, the
holders of that class or series of preferred stock will have no
right or claim to any of our remaining assets. If, upon our
voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up,
our legally available assets are insufficient to pay the amount
of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding shares of
that class or series of preferred stock and the corresponding
amounts payable on all shares of other classes or series of our
stock ranking on a parity with that class or series of preferred
stock in the distribution of assets upon our liquidation,
dissolution or winding up, then the holders of that class or
series of preferred stock and all other classes or series of
stock shall share ratably in that distribution of assets in
proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which each
class or series would otherwise be respectively entitled.
If liquidating distributions shall have been made in full to all
holders of shares of that class or series of preferred stock,
our remaining assets shall be distributed among the holders of
any other classes or series of stock ranking junior to that
class or series of preferred stock upon our liquidation,
dissolution or winding up, according to their respective rights
and preferences and in each case according to their respective
number of shares. For those purposes, neither our consolidation
nor merger with or into any other corporation, trust or other
entity nor the sale, lease, transfer or conveyance of all or
substantially all of our property or business shall be deemed to
constitute our liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
Except as set forth below or as otherwise indicated in the
applicable prospectus supplement, holders of preferred stock
will not have any voting rights.
Whenever dividends on any shares of that class or series of
preferred stock shall be in arrears for 18 months or six or
more quarterly periods, the holders of those shares of that
class or series of preferred stock, voting separately as a class
with all other classes or series of preferred stock upon which
like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, will
be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors
to our board of directors and our entire board of directors will
be increased by two directors at a special meeting called by one
of our officers at the request of a holder of that class or
series of preferred stock or, if that special meeting is not
called by that officer within 30 days, at a special meeting
called by a holder of that class or series of preferred stock
designated by the holders of record of at least 10% of the
shares of any of those classes or series of preferred stock,
unless that request is received less than 90 days before
the date fixed for the next annual or special meeting of the
stockholders, or at the next annual meeting of stockholders, and
at each subsequent annual meeting until:
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if that class or series of preferred stock has a cumulative
dividend, then all dividends accumulated on those shares of
preferred stock for the past dividend periods and the then
current dividend period shall have been fully paid or declared
and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for
payment, or |
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if that class or series of preferred stock does not have a
cumulative dividend, then four consecutive quarterly periods of
dividends shall have been fully paid or declared and a sum
sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for payment. |
Unless provided otherwise for any series of preferred stock, so
long as any shares of preferred stock remain outstanding, we
shall not, without the affirmative vote or consent of the
holders of at least two-thirds of
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the shares of each class or series of preferred stock
outstanding at the time, given in person or by proxy, either in
writing or at a meeting, with that class or series voting
separately as a class,
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authorize or create, or increase the authorized or issued amount
of, any class or series of stock ranking senior to that class or
series of preferred stock with respect to payment of dividends
or the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution
or winding up or reclassify any of our authorized stock into
those shares, or create, authorize or issue any obligation or
security convertible into or evidencing the right to purchase
those shares; or |
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amend, alter or repeal the provisions of our charter in respect
of that class or series of preferred stock, whether by merger,
consolidation or otherwise, so as to materially and adversely
affect any right, preference, privilege or voting power of that
class or series of preferred stock; provided, however, that any
increase in the amount of the authorized preferred stock or the
creation or issuance of any other class or series of preferred
stock, or any increase in the number of authorized shares of
that class or series, in each case ranking on a parity with or
junior to the preferred stock of that class or series with
respect to payment of dividends and the distribution of assets
upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, shall not be deemed
to affect materially and adversely those rights, preferences,
privileges or voting powers. |
The foregoing voting provisions will not apply if, at or prior
to the time when the act with respect to which that vote would
otherwise be required shall be effected, all outstanding shares
of that class or series of preferred stock shall have been
redeemed or called for redemption upon proper notice and
sufficient funds shall have been irrevocably deposited in trust
to effect that redemption.
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which shares of any class
or series of preferred stock are convertible into common stock,
debt securities or another series of preferred stock will be set
forth in the prospectus supplement relating thereto. Such terms
will include the number of shares of common stock or those other
series of preferred stock or the principal amount of debt
securities into which the preferred stock is convertible, the
conversion price (or manner of calculation thereof), the
conversion period, provisions as to whether conversion will be
at our option or at the option of the holders of that class or
series of preferred stock, the events requiring an adjustment of
the conversion price and provisions affecting conversion in the
event of the redemption of that class or series of preferred
stock.
Warrants
We may issue warrants for the purchase of our common stock or
preferred stock. Warrants may be issued independently or
together with other securities offered under this prospectus and
any accompanying prospectus supplement and may be attached to or
separate from such other securities. Each issuance of warrants
will be issued under a separate agreement to be entered into
between us and a bank or trust company, as agent (the
Warrant Agent), all as set forth in the prospectus
supplement relating to the particular issue of warrants offered.
Each issue of warrants will be evidenced by warrant certificates
(the Warrant Certificates). The applicable warrant
agreement and form of Warrant Certificate will be filed as
exhibits to or incorporated by reference in the registration
statement. The Warrant Agent will act solely as our agent and
will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or
trust for or with any holders of Warrant Certificates or
beneficial owners of warrants.
If warrants are offered, the applicable prospectus supplement
will describe the terms of such warrants, including the
following where applicable:
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the offering price; |
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the aggregate number of securities purchasable upon exercise of
such warrants, and in the case of warrants for preferred stock,
the designation, aggregate number and terms of the series of
preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of such warrants; |
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the designation and terms of the securities with which such
warrants are being offered and the number of such warrants being
offered with each such security; |
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the date on and after which such warrants and the related
securities will be transferable separately; |
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the price at which the number of securities purchasable upon
exercise of the warrants may be purchased; |
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the date on which the right to exercise such warrants shall
begin and the expiration date on which such right shall expire; |
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certain federal income tax considerations; and |
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any other material terms of such warrants. |
Each warrant will entitle the holder thereof to purchase for
cash the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock at
the exercise price that will be set forth in, or be determinable
as set forth in, the applicable prospectus supplement. Warrants
will be exercisable at any time until the close of business on
the expiration date that will be set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the
expiration date, the warrants will become void. Upon receipt of
payment and the Warrant Certificate properly completed and
delivered as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement,
we will deliver the purchased securities as soon as is
practicable. If less than all of the warrants represented by the
Warrant Certificate are exercised a new warrant certificate will
be issued for the remaining warrants.
The shares of common stock or preferred stock issued upon
exercise of any warrant will be subject to the restrictions on
ownership set forth in our charter and, in the case of preferred
stock, the applicable articles supplementary establishing its
terms.
Power to Issue Additional Shares of Our Common Stock and
Preferred Stock
We believe that the power of our board of directors to issue
additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or
preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of
our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us
to issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock
provides us with increased flexibility in structuring possible
future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs
that might arise. The additional classes or series, as well as
our common stock, are available for issuance without further
action by our stockholders, unless such action is required by
applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated
quotation system on which our securities may be listed or
traded. Our board of directors could authorize us to issue a
class or series that could, depending upon the terms of such
class or series, delay, deter or prevent a transaction or a
change in control of us that might involve a premium price for
holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best
interest.
Transfer Restrictions
Our charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains certain
restrictions on the number of shares of our stock that a person
may own. Our charter contains a stock ownership limit that
prohibits any person from acquiring or holding, directly or
indirectly, shares of stock in excess of 9.8% of the lesser of
the total number or value of any class of our stock. Our board
of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a person from
the stock ownership limit. However, our board of directors may
not grant such an exemption to any person whose ownership,
direct or indirect, of in excess of 9.8% of the lesser of the
number or value of the outstanding shares of our stock would
result in us being closely held within the meaning
of Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise
would result in us failing to qualify as a REIT. The person
seeking an exemption must represent to the satisfaction of our
board of directors that it will not violate the aforementioned
restriction. The person also must agree that any violation or
attempted violation of the foregoing restriction will result in
the automatic transfer of the shares of stock causing such
violation to the trust (as defined below). Our board of
directors may require a ruling from the IRS or an opinion of
counsel, in either case in
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form and substance satisfactory to our board of directors in its
sole discretion, in order to determine or ensure our status as a
REIT.
Our charter further prohibits:
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any person from beneficially or constructively owning shares of
our stock that would result in us being closely held
under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or
otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and |
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any person from transferring shares of our stock if such
transfer would result in shares of our stock being beneficially
owned by fewer than 100 persons. |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire
beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our stock that
will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on
transferability and ownership, or any person who would have
owned shares of our stock that resulted in a transfer of shares
to the trust in the manner described below, will be required to
give notice immediately to us and provide us with such other
information as we may request in order to determine the effect
of such transfer on us.
If any transfer of shares of our stock occurs that, if
effective, would result in any person beneficially or
constructively owning shares of our stock in excess or in
violation of the above transfer or ownership limitations, then
that number of shares of our stock the beneficial or
constructive ownership of which otherwise would cause such
person to violate such limitations (rounded to the nearest whole
share) shall be automatically transferred to a trust for the
exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries, and
the prohibited owner shall not acquire any rights in such
shares. Such automatic transfer shall be deemed to be effective
as of the close of business on the business day prior to the
date of such violative transfer. Shares of stock held in the
trust shall be issued and outstanding shares of our stock. The
prohibited owner shall not benefit economically from ownership
of any shares of stock held in the trust, shall have no rights
to dividends or other distributions and shall not possess any
rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of
stock held in the trust. The trustee of the trust shall have all
voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions
with respect to shares of stock held in the trust, which rights
shall be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the charitable
beneficiary. Any dividend or other distribution paid prior to
the discovery by us that shares of stock have been transferred
to the trustee shall be paid by the recipient of such dividend
or distribution to the trustee upon demand, and any dividend or
other distribution authorized but unpaid shall be paid when due
to the trustee. Any dividend or distribution so paid to the
trustee shall be held in trust for the charitable beneficiary.
The prohibited owner shall have no voting rights with respect to
shares of stock held in trust and, subject to Maryland law,
effective as of the date that such shares of stock have been
transferred to the trust, the trustee shall have the authority
(at the trustees sole discretion):
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to rescind as void any vote cast by a prohibited owner prior to
the discovery by us that such shares have been transferred to
the trust; and |
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to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of the
trustee acting for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary.
However, if we have already taken irreversible corporate action,
then the trustee shall not have the authority to rescind and
recast such vote. |
Within 20 days after receiving notice from us that shares
of our stock have been transferred to the trust, the trustee
shall sell the shares of stock held in the trust to a person,
designated by the trustee, whose ownership of the shares will
not violate any of the ownership limitations set forth in our
charter. Upon such sale, the interest of the charitable
beneficiary in the shares sold shall terminate and the trustee
shall distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the prohibited
owner and to the charitable beneficiary as follows. The
prohibited owner shall receive the lesser of:
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the price paid by the prohibited owner for the shares or, if the
prohibited owner did not give value for the shares in connection
with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust (e.g.,
a gift, devise or other such transaction), the market price, as
defined in our charter, of such shares on the day of the event
causing the shares to be held in the trust; and |
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the price per share received by the trustee from the sale or
other disposition of the shares held in the trust, in each case
reduced by the costs incurred to enforce the ownership limits as
to the shares in question. Any net sale proceeds in excess of
the amount payable to the prohibited owner shall be paid
immediately to the charitable beneficiary. |
If, prior to the discovery by us that shares of our stock have
been transferred to the trust, such shares are sold by a
prohibited owner, then:
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such shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the
trust; and |
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to the extent that the prohibited owner received an amount for
such shares that exceeds the amount that such prohibited owner
was entitled to receive pursuant to the aforementioned
requirement, such excess shall be paid to the trustee upon
demand. |
In addition, shares of our stock held in the trust shall be
deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at
a price per share equal to the lesser of:
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the price per share in the transaction that resulted in such
transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the
market price at the time of such devise or gift); and |
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the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept such
offer. |
We have the right to accept such offer until the trustee has
sold the shares of stock held in the trust. Upon such a sale to
us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares
sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net
proceeds of the sale to the prohibited owner.
All certificates representing shares of our common stock bear,
and preferred stock, if issued, will bear, a legend referring to
the restrictions described above.
Every owner of more than 1% (or such lower percentage as
required by the Internal Revenue Code or the related
regulations) of all classes or series of our stock, including
shares of our common stock, within 30 days after the end of
each fiscal year, is required to give written notice to us
stating the name and address of such owner, the number of shares
of each class and series of our stock that the owner
beneficially owns and a description of the manner in which such
shares are held. Each such owner must provide to us such
additional information as we may request in order to determine
the effect, if any, of such beneficial ownership on our status
as a REIT and to ensure compliance with our stock ownership
limits. In addition, each stockholder is, upon demand, required
to provide to us such information as we may reasonably request
in order to determine our status as a REIT and to comply with
the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental
authority or to determine such compliance. We may request such
information after every sale, disposition or transfer of our
common stock prior to the date a registration statement for such
stock becomes effective.
These ownership limits could delay, deter or prevent a change in
control of us or other transaction that might involve a premium
price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest
of our stockholders.
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
The following description of the debt securities we may offer,
together with the additional information included in any
prospectus supplement, describes the material terms and
conditions of this type of security but is not complete. For a
more detailed description of the terms of the debt securities,
please refer to the indenture to be entered into between
Luminent and a trustee to be selected, relating to the issuance
of the debt securities. Any indenture pursuant to which we issue
debt securities will be qualified under and governed by the
Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.
General
Unless otherwise set forth in an indenture and described in a
prospectus supplement, our subsidiaries, if any, will have no
direct obligation to pay amounts due on our debt securities. The
debt securities effectively will be subordinated to all existing
and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our
subsidiaries. Such
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indebtedness would effectively rank senior to the debt
securities. The indenture will permit us and our subsidiaries to
incur substantial amounts of additional indebtedness and other
liabilities. Any rights of the Company and our creditors,
including the holders of debt securities, to participate in the
assets of any of our subsidiaries upon any liquidation or
reorganization of any such subsidiary will be subject to the
prior claims of that subsidiarys creditors, including
trade creditors, and the holders of any preferred stock of that
subsidiary.
Information You Will Find In The Applicable Prospectus
Supplement
The indenture will provide that we may issue debt securities
from time to time in one or more series. The indenture will not
limit the aggregate principal amount of debt securities that can
be issued thereunder. The prospectus supplement for a series of
debt securities will provide information relating to the terms
of the series of debt securities being offered, which may
include:
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the title and denominations of the debt securities of the series; |
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any limit on the aggregate principal amount of the debt
securities of the series; |
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the date or dates on which the principal and premium, if any,
with respect to the debt securities of the series are payable or
the method of determination thereof; |
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the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, on
the debt securities of the series, if any, or the method of
determining such rate or rates; |
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the interest payment dates for the series of debt securities or
the method by which such date will be determined, the terms of
any deferral of interest and any right of ours to extend the
interest payment periods; |
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the place or places where the principal and interest on the
series of debt securities will be payable; |
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the terms and conditions upon which debt securities of the
series may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at our option or
otherwise; |
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our obligation, if any, to redeem, purchase or repay debt
securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund or at the
option of the holders and the terms of any such redemption,
purchase or repayment; |
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the terms, if any, upon which the debt securities of the series
may be convertible into or exchanged for other securities,
including, among other things, the initial conversion or
exchange price or rate and the conversion or exchange period; |
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if the amount of principal, premium, if any, or interest with
respect to the debt securities of the series may be determined
with reference to an index or formula, the manner in which such
amounts will be determined; |
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any provisions of the indenture that deal with defeasance; |
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the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the
series that will be payable upon declaration of acceleration or
provable in bankruptcy; |
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whether we will be restricted from incurring any additional
indebtedness; |
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whether the debt securities of the series will be secured or
guaranteed and, if so, on what terms; |
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a discussion on any material or special U.S. federal income
tax considerations applicable to the debt securities; |
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the events of default with respect to the debt securities of the
series and the right of the trustee or the holders to declare
acceleration; |
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any trustees, authenticating or paying agents, transfer agents
or registrars; |
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the applicability of the covenants in the indenture or in the
terms relating to permitted consolidations, mergers or sales of
assets; |
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the subordination, if any, of the debt securities of the series
and terms of the subordination; and |
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of,
or restrictions on, the debt securities. |
Holders of debt securities may present debt securities for
exchange in the manner, at the places and subject to the
restrictions set forth in the debt securities and the applicable
prospectus supplement. Holders of registered debt securities may
present debt securities for transfer in the manner, at the
places and subject to the restrictions set forth in the debt
securities and the applicable prospectus supplement. We will
provide these services without charge, other than any tax or
other governmental charge payable in connection therewith, but
subject to the limitations provided in the indenture. Debt
securities in bearer form and the coupons, if any, appertaining
thereto will be transferable by delivery.
Senior Debt
We may issue senior debt securities under the indenture and any
coupons that will constitute part of our senior debt. Unless
otherwise set forth in the indenture and described in a
prospectus supplement, the senior debt securities will be senior
unsecured obligations, ranking equally with all of our existing
and future senior unsecured debt. The senior debt securities
will be senior to all of our subordinated debt and junior to any
secured debt we may incur as to the assets securing such debt.
Subordinated Debt
We may issue subordinated debt securities under the indenture
and any coupons that will constitute part of our subordinated
debt. These subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and
junior in right of payment, to the extent and in the manner set
forth in the indenture, to all of our senior
indebtedness. Senior indebtedness includes our
obligations and obligations guaranteed or assumed by us for
borrowed money or evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes or other
similar instruments, in each case, identified by our board of
directors as senior indebtedness. Senior
indebtedness does not include subordinated debt
securities, including senior subordinated debt securities, or
any other obligations specifically designated as being
subordinate in right of payment to senior indebtedness.
In general, the holders of all senior indebtedness are entitled
to receive payment of the full amount unpaid on senior
indebtedness before the holders of any of the subordinated debt
securities or coupons are entitled to receive a payment on
account of the principal or interest on the indebtedness
evidenced by the subordinated debt securities upon the
occurrence of certain events. These events include:
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any insolvency, bankruptcy, receivership, liquidation,
dissolution, reorganization or other similar proceedings that
concern us or a substantial part of our property; |
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except as provided in the indenture, any default on the payment
of principal, premium, if any, or interest on or other monetary
amounts due and payable on any senior indebtedness has not been
paid before the end of any applicable grace period; |
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any other default on senior indebtedness occurs and the maturity
of such senior indebtedness is accelerated in accordance with
its terms, and unless either (a) such default shall have
been cured or waived and any such acceleration shall have been
rescinded or (b) such senior indebtedness shall have been
paid in full; and |
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the principal of, and accrued interest on, any series of the
subordinated debt securities having been declared due and
payable upon an event of default contained in the indenture. |
If this prospectus is being delivered in connection with a
series of subordinated debt securities, the applicable
prospectus supplement or the information incorporated by
reference will set forth the approximate amount of our senior
indebtedness outstanding as of the end of our most recent fiscal
quarter.
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Senior Subordinated Debt
We may issue senior subordinated debt securities under the
indenture and any coupons that will constitute part of our
senior subordinated debt. These senior subordinated debt
securities will be, to the extent and in the manner set forth in
the indenture, subordinate and junior in right of payment to all
of our senior indebtedness and senior to our other
subordinated debt. See the discussions above under
Senior Debt and
Subordinated Debt for a more detailed
explanation of our senior and subordinated indebtedness.
Interest Rate
Debt securities that bear interest will do so at a fixed rate or
a floating rate. We may sell, at a discount below the stated
principal amount, any debt securities that bear no interest or
that bear interest at a rate that at the time of issuance is
below the prevailing market rate. The applicable prospectus
supplement will describe the special U.S. federal income
tax considerations applicable to:
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any discounted debt securities; and |
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any debt securities issued at par that are treated as having
been issued at a discount for U.S. federal income tax
purposes. |
Registered Global Securities
We may issue registered debt securities of a series in the form
of one or more fully registered global securities. We will
deposit the registered global security with a depositary or with
a nominee for a depositary identified in the prospectus
supplement relating to such series. The global security or
global securities will represent and will be in a denomination
or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate
principal amount of outstanding registered debt securities of
the series to be represented by the registered global security
or securities. Unless it is exchanged in whole or in part for
debt securities in definitive registered form, a registered
global security may not be transferred, in the following three
instances:
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by the depositary for the registered global security to a
nominee of the depositary; |
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by a nominee of the depositary to the depositary or another
nominee of the depositary; and |
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by the depositary or any nominee to a successor of the
depositary or a nominee of the successor. |
The prospectus supplement relating to a series of debt
securities will describe the specific terms of the depositary
arrangement concerning any portion of that series of debt
securities to be represented by a registered global security. We
anticipate that the following provisions will generally apply to
all depositary arrangements.
Upon the issuance of a registered global security, the
depositary will credit, on its book-entry registration and
transfer system, the principal amounts of the debt securities
represented by the registered global security to the accounts of
persons that have accounts with the depositary. These persons
are referred to as participants. Any underwriters,
agents or debtors participating in the distribution of debt
securities represented by the registered global security will
designate the accounts to be credited. Only participants or
persons that hold interests through participants will be able to
own beneficially interests in a registered global security. The
depositary for a global security will maintain records of
beneficial ownership interests in a registered global security
for participants. Participants or persons that hold through
participants will maintain records of beneficial ownership
interests in a global security for persons other than
participants. These records will be the only means to transfer
beneficial ownership in a registered global security.
The laws of some states may require that specified purchasers of
securities take physical delivery of the securities in
definitive form. These laws may limit the ability of those
persons to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in
global securities.
So long as the depositary, or its nominee, is the registered
owner of a registered global security, the depositary or its
nominee will be considered the sole owner or holder of the debt
securities represented by the
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registered global security for all purposes under the indenture.
Except as set forth below, owners of beneficial interests in a
registered global security:
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may not have the debt securities represented by a registered
global security registered in their names; |
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will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of
debt securities represented by a registered global security in
definitive form; and |
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will not be considered the owners or holders of debt securities
represented by a registered global security under the indenture. |
Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a
registered global security must rely on the procedures of the
depositary for the registered global security and, if the person
is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant
through which the person owns its interests, to exercise any
rights of a holder under the indenture applicable to the
registered global security.
We understand that, under existing industry practices, if we
request any action of holders, or if an owner of a beneficial
interest in a registered global security desires to give or take
any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the
indenture, the depositary for the registered global security
would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial
interests to give or take the action, and the participants would
authorize beneficial owners owning through the participants to
give or take the action or would otherwise act upon the
instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.
Payment of Interest on and Principal of Registered Global
Securities
We will make principal, premium, if any, and interest payments
on debt securities represented by a registered global security
registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee to the
depositary or its nominee as the registered owner of the
registered global security. None of us, the trustee or any
paying agent for debt securities represented by a registered
global security will have any responsibility or liability for:
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any aspect of the records relating to, or payments made on
account of, beneficial ownership interests in such registered
global security; |
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maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to
beneficial ownership interests; |
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the payments to beneficial owners of the global security of
amounts paid to the depositary or its nominee; or |
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any other matter relating to the actions and practices of the
depositary, its nominee or any of its participants. |
We expect that the depositary, upon receipt of any payment of
principal, premium or interest in respect of the global
security, will immediately credit participants accounts
with payments in amounts proportionate to their beneficial
interests in the principal amount of a registered global
security as shown on the depositarys records. We also
expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial
interests in a registered global security held through
participants will be governed by standing instructions and
customary practices, which is currently the case with the
securities held for the accounts of customers registered in
street name. Such payments will be the
responsibility of participants.
Exchange of Registered Global Securities
We may issue debt securities in definitive form in exchange for
the registered global security if both of the following events
occur:
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the depositary for any debt securities represented by a
registered global security is at any time unwilling or unable to
continue as depositary or ceases to be a clearing agency
registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
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we do not appoint a successor depositary within 90 days. |
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In addition, we may, at any time, determine not to have any of
the debt securities of a series represented by one or more
registered global securities. In this event, we will issue debt
securities of that series in definitive form in exchange for all
of the registered global security or securities representing
those debt securities.
Covenants by the Company
The indenture will include covenants by us, including, among
other things, that we will make all payments of principal and
interest at the times and places required. The indenture or
supplemental indenture with respect to each series of debt
securities may contain additional covenants, including covenants
that could restrict our right and our subsidiaries right
to incur additional indebtedness or liens and to take certain
actions with respect to their respective businesses and assets.
Events of Default
Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus
supplement, the following will be events of default under the
indenture with respect to each series of debt securities issued
under the indenture:
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failure to pay when due any interest on any debt security of
that series, continued for 30 days; |
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failure to pay when due the principal of, or premium, if any,
on, any debt security of that series; |
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default in the payment of any sinking fund installment with
respect to any debt security of that series when due and payable; |
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failure to comply with the restrictive covenant prohibiting us
from engaging in certain consolidations, mergers or transfers of
all or substantially all of our assets; |
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failure to perform any other covenant or agreement of ours under
the indenture with respect to the debt securities of that
series, continued for 60 days after written notice to us by
the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal
amount of the outstanding debt securities of the series to which
the covenant or agreement relates; |
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certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceedings
affecting us; and |
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any other event of default specified in the indenture under
which such series of debt securities are issued. |
Except as to certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or similar
proceedings affecting us and except as provided in the
applicable prospectus supplement, if any event of default shall
occur and be continuing with respect to any series of debt
securities under the indenture, either the trustee or the
holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of
outstanding debt securities of such series may accelerate the
maturity of all debt securities of such series. Upon certain
events of bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceedings
affecting us, the principal, premium, if any, and interest on
all debt securities of each series will be immediately due and
payable.
After any such acceleration, but before a judgment or decree
based on acceleration, the holders of a majority in aggregate
principal amount of each affected series of debt securities may
waive all defaults with respect to such series and rescind and
annul such acceleration if all events of default, other than the
non-payment of accelerated principal, have been cured, waived or
otherwise remedied.
No holder of any debt securities will have any right to
institute any proceeding with respect to the indenture or for
any remedy under the indenture, unless such holder shall have
previously given to the trustee written notice of a continuing
event of default and the holders of at least 25% in aggregate
principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the
relevant series shall have made written request and offered
indemnity satisfactory to the trustee to institute such
proceeding as trustee, and the trustee shall not have received
from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of
the outstanding debt securities of such series a direction
inconsistent with such request and shall have failed to
institute such proceeding within 60 days. However, such
limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of a
debt security for enforcement of
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payment of the principal of and premium, if any, or interest on
such debt security on or after the respective due dates
expressed in such debt security.
Supplemental Indentures
We and the trustee may, at any time and from time to time,
without notice to or consent of any holders of debt securities,
enter into one or more indentures supplemental to the indenture,
among other things:
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to add guarantees to or secure any series of debt securities; |
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to provide for the succession of another person pursuant to the
provisions of the indenture relating to consolidations, mergers
and sales of assets and the assumption by such successor of our
covenants, agreements and obligations, or to otherwise comply
with the provisions of the indenture relating to consolidations,
mergers and sales of assets; |
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to surrender any right or power conferred upon us under the
indenture or to add to our covenants further covenants,
restrictions, conditions or provisions for the protection of the
holders of all or any series of debt securities; |
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to cure any ambiguity or to correct or supplement any provision
contained in the indenture, in any supplemental indenture or in
any debt securities that may be defective or inconsistent with
any other provision contained therein; |
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to modify or amend the indenture in such a manner as to permit
the qualification of the indenture or any supplemental indenture
under the Trust Indenture Act; |
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to add to or change any of the provisions of the indenture to
change or eliminate any restriction on the payment of principal
or premium with respect to debt securities so long as any such
action does not adversely affect the interests of the holders of
debt securities of any series in any material respect; |
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in the case of subordinated debt securities, to make any change
in the provisions relating to subordination that would limit or
terminate the benefits available to any holder of senior
indebtedness under such provisions but only if such holder of
senior indebtedness consents to such a change; |
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to add to, change or eliminate any of the provisions of the
indenture with respect to one or more series of debt securities,
so long as any such addition, change or elimination not
otherwise permitted under the indenture shall not apply to any
debt securities of any series created prior to the execution of
such supplemental indenture and entitled to the benefit of such
provision; |
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to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment by a
successor or separate trustee; |
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to establish the form or terms of debt securities of any
series; and |
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to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests
of the holders of debt securities. |
With the consent of the holders of at least a majority in
principal amount of debt securities of each series affected by
such supplemental indenture voting as one class, we and the
trustee may enter into one or more supplemental indentures for
the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any
manner or eliminating any of the provisions of the indenture or
modifying in any manner the rights of the holders of debt
securities of each such series.
Notwithstanding our rights and the rights of the trustee to
enter into one or more supplemental indentures with the consent
of the holders of debt securities of the affected series as
described above, no such supplemental indenture shall, without
the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security of
the affected series, among other things:
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extend the final maturity of the principal of, or any
installment of interest on, any debt securities; |
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reduce the principal amount of any debt securities or the rate
of interest on any debt securities; |
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change the currency in which any debt securities are payable; |
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release any security interest that may have been granted with
respect to such debt securities; |
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impair the right of the holders to conduct a proceeding for any
remedy available to the trustee; |
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reduce the percentage in principal amount of any series of debt
securities whose holders must consent to an amendment; |
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reduce any premium payable upon the redemption of any debt
securities or change the time at which any debt security may be
redeemed; or |
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make any change that adversely affects the relative rights of
holders of subordinated debt securities with respect to senior
debt securities. |
Satisfaction and Discharge of the Indenture; Defeasance
To the extent set forth in the indenture with respect to any
series of debt securities, we, at our election, may discharge
the indenture and the indenture shall generally cease to be of
any further effect with respect to that series of debt
securities if:
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we have delivered to the trustee for cancellation all debt
securities of that series, with certain limited
exceptions; or |
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all debt securities of that series not previously delivered to
the trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable,
or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year
or are to be called for redemption within one year, and we have
deposited with the trustee the entire amount sufficient to pay
at maturity or upon redemption all such debt securities. |
In addition, we expect to have a legal defeasance
option, pursuant to which we may terminate, with respect
to the debt securities of particular series, all of our
obligations under such debt securities and the indenture with
respect to such debt securities and a covenant defeasance
option, pursuant to which we may terminate, with respect
to the debt securities of a particular series, our obligations
with respect to such debt securities under certain specified
covenants contained in the indenture. If we exercise our legal
defeasance option with respect to a series of debt securities,
payment of such debt securities may not be accelerated because
of an event of default. If we exercise our covenant defeasance
option with respect to a series of debt securities, payment of
such debt securities may not be accelerated because of an event
of default related to the specified covenants.
We expect to be able to exercise our legal defeasance option or
our covenant defeasance option with respect to the debt
securities of a series only if we irrevocably deposit in trust
with the trustee cash or U.S. government obligations, as
defined in the indenture, for the payment of principal, premium,
if any, and interest with respect to such debt securities to
maturity or redemption, as the case may be. In addition, to
exercise either of our defeasance options, we expect we will be
obligated to comply with certain other conditions, including the
delivery to the trustee of an opinion of counsel to the effect
that the holders of debt securities of such series will not
recognize income, gain or loss for federal income tax purposes
as a result of such defeasance and will be subject to federal
income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the
same times as would have been the case if such defeasance had
not occurred, and, in the case of legal defeasance only, such
opinion of counsel must be based on a ruling from the IRS or
other change in applicable federal income tax law.
The trustee will hold in trust the cash or U.S. government
obligations deposited with it as described above and will apply
the deposited cash and the proceeds from deposited
U.S. government obligations to the payment of principal,
premium, if any, and interest with respect to the debt
securities of the defeased series. In the case of subordinated
debt securities, the money and U.S. government obligations
held in trust will not be subject to the subordination
provisions of the indenture.
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Mergers, Consolidations and Certain Sales of Assets
To the extent set forth in the indenture with respect to any
series of debt securities, we may not:
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consolidate with or merge into any other person or entity or
permit any other person or entity to consolidate with or merge
into us in a transaction in which we are not the surviving
entity, or |
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transfer, lease or dispose of all or substantially all of our
assets to any other person or entity, unless: |
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the resulting, surviving or transferee entity shall be a
corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United
States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia and such
resulting, surviving or transferee entity shall expressly
assume, by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered in
form satisfactory to the trustee, all of our obligations under
the debt securities and the indenture; |
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immediately after giving effect to such transaction, and
treating any indebtedness that becomes an obligation of the
resulting, surviving or transferee entity as a result of such
transaction as having been incurred by such entity at the time
of such transaction, no default or event of default would occur
or be continuing; and |
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we shall have delivered to the trustee an officers
certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that such
consolidation, merger or transfer and such supplemental
indenture, if any, comply with the indenture. |
Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus
supplement, and subject to the foregoing, the indenture permits:
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a consolidation, merger and sale of assets or other similar
transaction that may adversely affect our creditworthiness or
that of a successor or combined entity; |
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a change in control of us; or |
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a highly leveraged transaction involving us, whether or not
involving a change in control, |
and the indenture, therefore, will not protect holders of the
debt securities from the substantial impact that any of the
transactions described above may have on the value of our debt
securities.
Governing Law
The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by, and
construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York,
except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
No Personal Liability of Directors, Officers, Employees and
Stockholders
No director, officers, employee or stockholder of the Company,
as such, shall have any liability for any of our obligations
under the debt securities or the indenture or for any claim
based on, in respect of, or by reason of, such obligations or
their creation, solely by reason of his or her status as
director, officers, employee or stockholder of the Company. By
accepting a debt security, each holder waives and releases all
such liability, but only such liability. The waiver and release
are part of the consideration for issuance of the debt
securities. Nevertheless, such waiver may not be effective to
waive liabilities under the federal securities laws because of
the view of the SEC that such a waiver is against public policy.
Conversion or Exchange Rights
Any debt securities offered hereby and by an applicable
prospectus supplement may be convertible into or exchangeable
for shares of our common stock or other equity securities. The
terms and conditions of such conversion or exchange will be set
forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Such terms may
include, among others, the following:
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the conversion or exchange price; |
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the conversion or exchange period; |
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provisions regarding our ability or that of the holder to
convert or exchange the debt securities; |
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events requiring adjustment to the conversion or exchange
price; and |
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provisions affecting conversion or exchange in the event of our
redemption of such debt securities. |
Information Concerning the Trustee
The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of
an event of an event of default under the indenture, will
undertake to perform only those duties as are specifically set
forth in the indenture. Upon an event of default under the
indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a
prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or
her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee will be
under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by
the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities
unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against
the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.
The indenture contains limitations on the right of the trustee,
should it become a creditor of the Company, to obtain payment of
claims in certain cases or to realize on certain property
received in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise.
The trustee may engage in other transactions; however, if it
acquires any conflicting interest relating to any duties with
respect to the debt securities, it must eliminate the conflict
or resign as trustee.
Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities
Debt securities in bearer form are subject to special
U.S. federal tax requirements and may not be offered, sold
or delivered within the United States or its possessions or to a
U.S. person, except in certain transactions permitted by
U.S. federal tax regulations. Investors should consult the
applicable prospectus supplement in the event that bearer debt
securities are issued for special procedures and restrictions
that will apply to such an offering.
We may offer debt securities up to an aggregate principal amount
of $500,000,000. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not
offered any debt securities.
We will describe in a prospectus supplement the specific terms
of any debt securities we may offer pursuant to this prospectus.
If indicated in a prospectus supplement, the terms of such debt
securities may differ from the terms described below.
We have the ability to issue up to $500,000,000 of debt
securities under any indenture. However, certain of our existing
or future debt agreements may limit the amount of debt
securities we may issue. We will be able to issue debt
securities from time to time and in one or more series as
determined by us. In addition, we will be able to issue debt
securities of any series with terms different from the terms of
debt securities of any other series and the terms of particular
debt securities within any series may differ from each other. We
will also have the ability to reopen a previous issue of a
series of debt securities and issue additional debt securities
of that series in an aggregate principal amount determined by us.
The debt securities will be our senior and unsecured
obligations. Creditors of our existing and future secured debt
will have priority in right of payment over holders of the debt
securities with respect to our assets that secure such
indebtedness.
CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND
BYLAWS
The following summary highlights the material provisions of
Maryland law that are applicable to us and the material
provisions of our charter and bylaws. You should refer to
Maryland law, including the MGCL, and to our charter and to our
bylaws for a full description. Copies of our charter and our
bylaws are incorporated herein by reference. You can also obtain
copies of our charter and our bylaws and every other exhibit to
our registration statement. Please see Where You Can Find
More Information/ Incorporation by Reference on
page 55 of this prospectus.
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Classification of Board of Directors
Our bylaws provide that the number of directors may be
established, increased or decreased by our board of directors
but may not be fewer than the minimum number required by the
MGCL (which currently is one) nor more than 15. Any vacancy on
our board may be filled only by a majority of the remaining
directors, even if such a majority constitutes fewer than a
quorum. Our bylaws provide that a majority of our board of
directors must be independent directors.
Pursuant to our charter, our board of directors is divided into
three classes of directors. Directors of each class will be
chosen for three-year terms upon the expiration of their current
terms and each year one class of our directors will be elected
by our stockholders. The current terms of the first, second and
third classes expire in 2007, 2005 and 2006, respectively. We
believe that classification of our board of directors helps to
assure the continuity and stability of our business strategies
and policies as determined by our board of directors. Holders of
shares of our common stock do not have the right to cumulative
voting in the election of directors. Consequently, at each
annual meeting of stockholders, the holders of a plurality of
the shares of our common stock voted at that meeting will be
able to elect all of the successors to the class of directors
whose terms expire at that meeting.
Our classified board could have the effect of making the
replacement of incumbent directors more time consuming and
difficult. At least two annual meetings of stockholders, instead
of one, will generally be required to effect a change in a
majority of our board of directors. Thus, our classified board
could increase the likelihood that incumbent directors will
retain their positions. The staggered terms of directors may
delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or an attempt to change
control of us, even though a tender offer or change in control
might be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Removal of Directors
Our charter provides that a director may be removed only for
cause (as defined in our charter) and only by the affirmative
vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by
our stockholders generally in the election of our directors.
This provision of our charter precludes our stockholders from
removing incumbent directors except upon the existence of cause
for removal and a substantial affirmative vote. Also, we have
elected in our bylaws to be subject to certain provisions of
Maryland law that provide that the right to fill vacancies on
our board of directors is vested exclusively in our board of
directors. This provision will prevent our stockholders, even if
they are successful in removing incumbent directors, from
filling the vacancies created by such removal with their own
nominees.
Limitation of Liability and Indemnification
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to include in its
charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and
officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money
damages except for liability resulting from:
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actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money,
property or services, or |
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active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment
as being material to the cause of action. |
Our charter contains such a provision that eliminates such
liability to the maximum extent permitted by the MGCL. However,
such limitation on liability would not apply to violations of
the federal securities laws, nor does it limit the availability
of non-monetary relief in any action or proceeding.
Our charter and bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent
permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any person who is or was
a party to, or is threatened to be made a party to, any
threatened or pending proceeding by reason of the fact that such
person is or was a director or officer of our company, or while
a director or officer of our company is or was serving, at our
request, as a director, officer, agent, partner or trustee of
another corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited
liability company, trust, real estate investment trust, employee
benefit plan or other enterprise. To the maximum extent
permitted by Maryland law, the
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indemnification provided for in our charter and bylaws shall
include expenses (including attorneys fees), judgments,
fines and amounts paid in settlement and any such expenses may
be paid or reimbursed by us in advance of the final disposition
of any such proceeding. Insofar as indemnification for
liabilities arising under the federal securities laws may be
permitted to our directors, officers or controlling persons
pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that
in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against
public policy as expressed in such laws and is unenforceable.
The MGCL requires a corporation (unless its charter provides
otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director
or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise,
in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a
party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL
permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former
directors and officers, among others, against judgments,
penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually
incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they
may be made a party by reason of their service in those or other
capacities unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the director or officer was material to
the matter giving rise to the proceeding and (a) was
committed in bad faith or (b) was the result of active and
deliberate dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal
benefit in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer
had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not
indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right
of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis
that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either
case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses.
In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance
reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the
corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her
good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct
necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and |
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a written undertaking by or on his or her behalf to repay the
amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it shall
ultimately be determined that the standard of conduct was not
met. |
Business Combinations
Under the MGCL, certain business combinations
(including a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in
certain circumstances, an asset transfer or certain issuances or
reclassifications of equity securities) between a Maryland
corporation and any interested stockholder or any
affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five
years after the most recent date on which a person or entity
becomes an interested stockholder. An interested stockholder is
any person or entity who beneficially owns 10% or more of the
voting power of the corporations shares, or any affiliate
of such a person or entity, or any person or entity that was the
beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the
then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation at any time
within the two-year period prior to the date in question, or any
affiliate of such a person or entity. A person is not an
interested stockholder under the statute if the board of
directors approved in advance the transaction by which such
person would otherwise have become an interested stockholder. In
approving such a transaction, however, the board of directors
may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, after
the time of approval, with any terms or conditions determined by
the board of directors. After the five-year period has elapsed,
any such business combination must be recommended by the
corporations board of directors and approved by the
affirmative vote of at least (1) 80% of the votes entitled
to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of
the corporation and (2) two-thirds of the votes entitled to
be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than
shares held by the interested stockholder with whom (or with
whose affiliate) the business combination is to be effected,
unless, among other conditions, the corporations common
stockholders receive a minimum price (as defined in the MGCL)
for their shares and the consideration is received in cash or in
the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder
for its
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shares. These provisions of the MGCL do not apply, however, to
business combinations that are approved or exempted by the
corporations board of directors prior to the time that the
interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Our board of directors has adopted a resolution exempting the
company from the provisions of the MGCL relating to business
combinations with interested stockholders or affiliates of
interested stockholders. However, such resolution can be altered
or repealed, in whole or in part, at any time by our board of
directors.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland
corporation acquired in a control share acquisition
have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of
two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter,
excluding shares of stock owned by the acquiror, by officers or
by directors who are employees of the corporation. Control
shares are voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with
all other such shares of stock previously acquired by the
acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise
or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue
of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise
voting power in electing directors within one of the following
ranges of voting power:
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one-tenth or more, but less than one-third; |
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one-third or more, but less than a majority; or |
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a majority or more of all voting power. |
Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is
then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained
stockholder approval. A control share acquisition
means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain
exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share
acquisition, upon satisfaction of certain conditions (including
an undertaking to pay expenses), may compel the board of
directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held
within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of
the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation
may itself present the question at any stockholders
meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the
acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement
as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions
and limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the
control shares (except those for which voting rights have
previously been approved) for fair value determined, without
regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares,
as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the
acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting
rights of such shares were considered and not approved. If
voting rights for control shares are approved at a
stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to
vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other
stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of
the shares as determined for purposes of such appraisal rights
may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the
acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply:
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to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange
if the corporation is a party to the transaction; or |
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to acquisitions approved or exempted by our charter or bylaws. |
Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share
acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of
our shares of stock. We cannot assure you that such provision
will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
Amendments to Our Charter
Our charter, including its provisions on classification of our
board of directors, may be amended only if approved by our
stockholders by the affirmative vote of not fewer than a
majority of all of the votes entitled to
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be cast on the matter, except that amendments to the provisions
of our charter relating to the removal of directors are required
to be approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote at
least two-thirds of all votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Dissolution
Our dissolution must be approved by our stockholders by the
affirmative vote of not fewer than a majority of all of the
votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Meetings of Stockholders; Advance Notice of Director
Nominations and New Business
Annual Meetings. Our annual meeting of stockholders is
held each May. Our bylaws provide that with respect to an annual
meeting of stockholders, director nominations and stockholder
proposals may be made only:
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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at the direction of our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who
has complied with the advance notice procedures set forth in our
bylaws. |
For nominations or other proposals to be properly brought before
an annual meeting of our stockholders by a stockholder, the
stockholder must have given timely notice in writing to our
corporate secretary and any such proposal must otherwise be a
proper matter for stockholder action.
To be timely, a stockholders notice must be delivered to
our corporate secretary at our principal executive offices not
later than the close of business on the 90th calendar day
nor earlier than the close of business on the
120th calendar day prior to the first anniversary of the
preceding years annual meeting; except that in the event
that the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 calendar
days before or more than 60 calendar days after such
anniversary date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be
so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the
120th calendar day prior to such annual meeting and not
later than the close of business on the later of the
90th calendar day prior to such annual meeting or the
10th calendar day following the calendar day on which we
first make a public announcement of the date of such meeting.
A stockholders notice must set forth:
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as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for
election or reelection as a director, all information relating
to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitation
of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or
is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to
Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act, including
such persons written consent to be named as a nominee and
serving as a director if elected; |
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as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring
before the meeting, a brief description of the business to be
brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such
business at the meeting, and any material interest in such
business of such stockholder and of any of such
stockholders affiliates and of any person who is the
beneficial owner, if any, of such stock; and |
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as to the stockholder giving notice and each beneficial owner,
if any, of such stock, the name and address of such stockholder,
as it appears on the companys stock ownership records, and
the name and address of each beneficial owner of such stock, and
the class and number of shares of stock of the company that are
owned of record or beneficially by each such person. |
Special Meetings. Special meetings of our stockholders
may be called only by our president or by our board of
directors, unless otherwise required by law. Special meetings of
our stockholders shall also be called by our secretary upon the
written request of stockholders entitled to cast at least a
majority of all votes entitled to be cast at such meeting. The
date, time and place of any special meetings will be set by our
board of directors. Our bylaws provide that with respect to
special meetings of our stockholders, only the business
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specified in our notice of meeting may be brought before the
meeting, and nominations of persons for election to our board of
directors may be made only:
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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by or at the direction of our board of directors; or |
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provided that our board of directors has determined that
directors shall be elected at such meeting, by a stockholder who
is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the
advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws. |
Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law
and of our Charter and Bylaws
If the resolution of our board of directors and the applicable
provisions in our bylaws exempting us from the business
combination provisions and the control share acquisition
provisions of the MGCL are rescinded, the business combination
provisions and the control share acquisition provisions of the
MGCL, the provisions of our charter on classification of our
board of directors and removal of directors, the advance notice
provisions of our bylaws and certain other provisions of our
charter and bylaws and the MGCL could delay, defer or prevent a
change in control of us or other transactions that might involve
a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be
in their best interest.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Mellon
Investor Services LLC. Their mailing address is 85 Challenger
Road, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey 07660, Attention: Stockholder
Relations. Their telephone number is (800) 356-2017.
CERTAIN UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following discussion summarizes the material
U.S. federal income tax considerations regarding our
qualification and taxation as a REIT and the material
U.S. federal income tax consequences resulting from the
acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock. A
prospectus supplement relating to a particular offering of our
securities will contain information as to any material federal
income tax considerations of those securities. The following
discussion is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations.
This summary neither gives a detailed discussion of any state,
local or foreign tax considerations nor discusses all of the
aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be
relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances or to
particular types of stockholders that are subject to special tax
rules, such as insurance companies, tax-exempt entities,
financial institutions or broker-dealers, foreign corporations
or partnerships, persons who are not citizens or residents of
the United States, stockholders that hold our stock as a hedge,
part of a straddle, conversion transaction or other arrangement
involving more than one position, or stockholders whose
functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. This discussion
assumes that you will hold our common stock as a capital
asset, generally property held for investment, under the
Internal Revenue Code.
This discussion and the opinions of Duane Morris LLP discussed
herein are based on current law. We cannot assure you that new
laws, interpretations of law or court decisions, any of which
may take effect retroactively, will not cause any statement in
this section to be inaccurate.
YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT WITH YOUR OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE
SPECIFIC CONSEQUENCES TO YOU OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND SALE
OF STOCK IN AN ENTITY ELECTING TO BE TAXED AS A REIT, INCLUDING
THE FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN AND OTHER TAX CONSIDERATIONS
OF SUCH PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP, SALE AND ELECTION AND THE POTENTIAL
CHANGES IN APPLICABLE TAX LAWS.
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Recent Tax Legislation
On October 22, 2004, the President signed into law the
American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (the Jobs Act),
which amended certain rules relating to REITs. The relevant
provisions of the Jobs Act are discussed in this section.
General
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code
commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2003.
In connection with this offering, we have received the opinion
of our legal counsel, Duane Morris LLP, that commencing with our
taxable year ended December 31, 2003, we are organized in
conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT
under the Internal Revenue Code, and our method of operation
enables us to meet the requirements for qualification and
taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. It must be
emphasized that this opinion is not binding on the Internal
Revenue Service or any court. The Internal Revenue Service may
challenge the opinion of Duane Morris LLP, and such a challenge
could be successful. In addition, the opinion of our counsel is
based on various assumptions and is conditioned upon certain
representations made by us as to factual matters, including
factual representations concerning our business and assets as
set forth in this prospectus.
Our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend on our ability
to continue to meet, through actual annual operating results,
distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership, and the
various other qualification tests imposed under the Internal
Revenue Code discussed below, the results of which have not been
reviewed by Duane Morris LLP. No assurance can be given that our
actual results for any particular taxable year will satisfy
these requirements. See Failure to Qualify as
a REIT. In addition, our continuing qualification as a
REIT depends on future transactions and events that cannot be
known at this time.
So long as we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will
be permitted a deduction for dividends we pay to our
stockholders. As a result, we generally will not be required to
pay federal corporate income taxes on our net income that is
currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment
substantially eliminates the double taxation that
ordinarily results from investment in a corporation. Double
taxation means taxation once at the corporate level when income
is earned and once again at the stockholder level when this
income is distributed. We will be required to pay
U.S. federal income tax, however, as follows:
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we will be required to pay tax at regular corporate rates on any
undistributed REIT taxable net income, including undistributed
net capital gain; |
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we may be required to pay the alternative minimum
tax on our items of tax preference; and |
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if we have (1) net income from the sale or other
disposition of foreclosure property which is held
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of
business or (2) other non-qualifying income from
foreclosure property, we will be required to pay tax at the
highest corporate rate on this income. Foreclosure property is
generally defined as property acquired through foreclosure or
after a default on a loan secured by the property or on a lease
of the property. |
We will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income from
prohibited transactions. Prohibited transactions are, in
general, sales or other taxable dispositions of property, other
than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers
in the ordinary course of business. Under existing law, whether
property is held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers
in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on all the
facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction.
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If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross
income test discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our
qualification as a REIT because certain other requirements
(including that our failure was due to reasonable cause) are
met, we will be subject to a tax equal to:
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the greater of (1) the amount by which 75% of our gross
income exceeds the amount qualifying under the 75% gross income
test described below, and (2) the amount by which 95% of
our gross income exceeds the amount qualifying under the 95%
gross income test described below, multiplied by, |
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a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. |
Pursuant to the Jobs Act, commencing with our taxable year
beginning on January 1, 2005, if we fail to satisfy any of
the REIT asset tests, as described below, by more than a de
minimis amount, due to reasonable cause and we nonetheless
maintain our REIT qualification because of specified cure
provisions, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the
greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate multiplied
by our net income generated by the nonqualifying assets.
Pursuant to the Jobs Act, commencing with our taxable year
beginning on January 1, 2005, if we fail to satisfy any
provision of the Internal Revenue Code that would result in our
failure to qualify as a REIT other than a violation of the REIT
gross income or asset tests described below and the violation is
due to reasonable cause, we will retain our REIT qualification
but we will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each
such failure.
We will be required to pay a 4% excise tax on the excess of the
required distribution over the amounts actually distributed if
we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum
of:
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85% of our real estate investment trust ordinary income for the
year; |
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95% of our real estate investment trust capital gain net income
for the year; and |
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any undistributed taxable income from prior periods. |
This distribution requirement is in addition to, and different
from the distribution requirements discussed below in the
section entitled Distributions Generally.
If we acquire any asset from a corporation that is or has been
taxed as a C corporation under the Internal Revenue Code in a
transaction in which the basis of the asset in our hands is
determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands
of the C corporation, and we subsequently recognize gain on the
disposition of the asset during the
10-year period
beginning on the date on which we acquired the asset, then we
will be required to pay tax at the highest regular corporate tax
rate on this gain to the extent of the excess of:
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the fair market value of the asset, over |
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our adjusted basis in the asset, in each case determined as of
the date on which we acquired the asset. |
A C corporation is generally defined as a corporation required
to pay full corporate-level tax. The results described in this
paragraph with respect to the recognition of gain will apply
unless we make an election under Treasury regulation
Section 1.337(d)-7(c) to cause the C corporation to
recognize all of the gain inherent in the property at the time
of our acquisition of the asset.
Finally, we could be subject to an excise tax if our dealings
with any taxable REIT subsidiaries are not at arms length.
Requirements for Qualification as a REIT
The Internal Revenue Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust
or association:
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that is managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
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that issues transferable shares or transferable certificates to
evidence beneficial ownership; |
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that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for
Sections 856 through 859 of the Internal Revenue Code; |
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that is not a financial institution or an insurance company
within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code; |
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that is beneficially owned by 100 or more persons; |
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not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of which is
owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals,
including specified entities, during the last half of each
taxable year; and |
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that meets other tests, described below, regarding the nature of
its income and assets and the amount of its distributions. |
The Internal Revenue Code provides that all of the first four
conditions stated above must be met during the entire taxable
year and that the fifth condition must be met during at least
335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a
proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months.
Stock Ownership Tests
Our stock must be beneficially held by at least 100 persons,
which we refer to as the 100 stockholder rule, and
no more than 50% of the value of our stock may be owned,
directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals at any time
during the last half of the taxable year, which we refer to as
the 5/50 rule. In determining whether five or fewer
individuals hold our shares, certain attribution rules of the
Internal Revenue Code apply. For purposes of the 5/50 rule,
pension trusts and other specific tax-exempt entities generally
are treated as individuals, except that certain tax-qualified
pension funds are not considered individuals and beneficiaries
of such trusts are treated as holding shares of a REIT in
proportion to their actuarial interests in the trust for
purposes of the 5/50 rule. Our charter imposes repurchase
provisions and transfer restrictions to avoid having more than
50% of the value of our stock being held by five or fewer
individuals. These stock ownership requirements must be
satisfied in each taxable year. We are required to solicit
information from certain of our record stockholders to verify
actual stock ownership levels, and our charter provides for
restrictions regarding the transfer of our stock in order to aid
in meeting the stock ownership requirements. We will be treated
as satisfying the 5/50 rule if we comply with the demand letter
and record keeping requirements discussed below, and if we do
not know, and by exercising reasonable diligence would not have
known, whether we failed to satisfy the 5/50 rule. We anticipate
that we will satisfy the stock ownership tests immediately
following this offering, and will use reasonable efforts to
monitor our stock ownership in order to ensure continued
compliance with these tests. If we were to fail either of the
stock ownership tests, we would generally be disqualified from
REIT status.
To monitor our compliance with the stock ownership tests, we are
required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of
our shares of stock. To do so, we are required to demand written
statements each year from the record holders of certain
percentages of our shares of stock in which the record holders
are to disclose the actual owners of the shares (i.e., the
persons required to include our dividends in gross income). A
REIT with 2,000 or more record stockholders must demand
statements from record holders of 5% or more of its shares, one
with fewer than 2,000, but more than 200, record stockholders
must demand statements from record holders of 1% or more of its
shares, while a REIT with 200 or fewer record stockholders must
demand statements from record holders of 0.5% or more of its
shares. A list of those persons failing or refusing to comply
with this demand must be maintained as part of our records. A
stockholder who fails or refuses to comply with the demand must
submit a statement with his or her tax return disclosing the
actual ownership of the shares of stock and certain other
information.
Income Tests
We must satisfy two gross income requirements annually to
maintain our qualification as a REIT:
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under the 75% gross income test, we must derive at
least 75% of our gross income, excluding gross income from
prohibited transactions, from specified real estate sources,
including rental income, interest on obligations secured by
mortgages on real property or on interests in real property,
gain from the disposition of qualified real estate
assets, i.e., interests in real property, mortgages
secured by real |
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property or interests in real property, and some other assets,
and income from certain types of temporary investments; and |
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under the 95% gross income test, we must derive at
least 95% of our gross income, excluding gross income from
prohibited transactions, from (1) the sources of income
that satisfy the 75% gross income test, (2) dividends,
interest and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or
securities, including some interest rate swap and cap
agreements, options, futures and forward contracts entered into
to hedge variable rate debt incurred to acquire qualified real
estate assets, or (3) any combination of the foregoing.
Amounts from qualified hedges will generally not constitute
gross income and therefore will be disregarded for purposes of
the 95% gross income test if certain identification and other
requirements are satisfied, and will be treated as nonqualifying
income for the 95% and 75% gross income tests if such
requirements are not satisfied. |
For purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a REIT is
deemed to have earned a proportionate share of the income earned
by any partnership, or any limited liability company treated as
a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in
which it owns an interest, which share is determined by
reference to its capital interest in such entity, and is deemed
to have earned the income earned by any qualified REIT
subsidiary (in general, a 100%-owned corporate subsidiary of a
REIT).
Any amount includable in our gross income with respect to a
regular or residual interest in a REMIC generally also is
treated as interest on an obligation secured by a mortgage on
real property. If, however, less than 95% of the assets of a
REMIC consists of real estate assets (determined as if we held
such assets), we will be treated as receiving directly our
proportionate share of the income of the REMIC. In addition, if
we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that
is secured by both real property and other property and the
highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a
taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property
on the date we became committed to make or purchase the mortgage
loan, a portion of the interest income, equal to (1) such
highest principal amount minus such value, divided by
(2) such highest principal amount, generally will not be
qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test.
However, interest income received with respect to non-REMIC
pay-through bonds and pass-through debt instruments, such as
collateralized mortgage obligations, or CMOs, will not be
qualifying income for this purpose.
Interest earned by a REIT ordinarily does not qualify as income
meeting the 75% or 95% gross income tests if the determination
of all or some of the amount of interest depends in any way on
the income or profits of any person. Interest will not be
disqualified from meeting such tests, however, solely by reason
of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts
or sales.
If we are entitled to avail ourselves of certain relief
provisions pertaining to the income tests, we will maintain our
qualification as a REIT but will be subject to certain penalty
taxes as described above. We may not, however, be entitled to
the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If
these relief provisions do not apply to a particular set of
circumstances, we will not qualify as a REIT.
Asset Tests
At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we must
satisfy four tests relating to the nature and diversification of
our assets:
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at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be
represented by qualified real estate assets, cash, cash items
and government securities; |
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not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by
securities, other than those securities included in the 75%
asset test; |
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of the investments included in the 25% asset class, the value of
any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value
of our total assets (the 5% Asset Test), and we
generally may not own more than 10% by vote or value of any one
issuers outstanding securities (the 10% Asset
Test), in each case except with respect to stock of any
taxable REIT subsidiaries; and |
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the value of the securities we own in any taxable REIT
subsidiaries may not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets. |
Qualified real estate assets include interests in mortgages on
real property to the extent the principal balance of a mortgage
does not exceed the fair market value of the associated real
property, regular or residual interests in a REMIC (except that,
if less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC consists of real
estate assets (determined as if we held such assets), we
will be treated as holding directly our proportionate share of
the assets of such REMIC), and shares of other REITs. Non-REMIC
CMOs, however, do not qualify as qualified real estate assets
for this purpose.
A taxable REIT subsidiary is any corporation in
which we own stock and as to which we and such corporation
jointly elect to treat such corporation as a taxable REIT
subsidiary. For purposes of the asset tests, we will be deemed
to own a proportionate share of the assets of any partnership,
or any limited liability company treated as a partnership for
U.S. federal income tax purposes, in which we own an
interest, which share is determined by reference to our capital
interest in the entity, and will be deemed to own the assets
owned by any qualified REIT subsidiary and any other entity that
is disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
After initially meeting the asset tests at the close of any
quarter, we will not lose our status as a REIT for failure to
satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by
reason of changes in asset values. If we fail to satisfy the
asset tests because we acquire securities or other property
during a quarter, we can cure this failure by disposing of
sufficient non-qualifying assets within 30 days after the
close of that quarter. For this purpose, an increase in our
capital interest in any partnership or limited liability company
in which we own an interest generally will be treated as an
acquisition of a portion of the securities or other property
owned by that partnership or limited liability company.
Pursuant to the Jobs Act, commencing with our taxable year
beginning on January 1, 2005, if we fail to meet either the
5% Asset Test or the 10% Asset Test, after the
30-day cure period, we
may dispose of sufficient assets (generally within six months
after the last day of the quarter in which our identification of
the failure to satisfy these asset tests occurred) to cure such
a violation that does not exceed the lesser of 1% of our assets
at the end of the relevant quarter or $10,000,000.
If we are entitled to avail ourselves of certain other relief
provisions pertaining to the asset tests, we will maintain our
qualification as a REIT, but will be subject to certain penalty
taxes as described above. We may not, however, be entitled to
the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If
these relief provisions do not apply to a particular set of
circumstances, we will not qualify as a REIT.
We may at some point securitize mortgage loans and/or
mortgage-backed securities. If we were to securitize
mortgage-related assets ourselves on a regular basis (other than
through the issuance of non-REMIC CMOs), there is a substantial
risk that the securities could be dealer property
and that all of the profits from such sales would be subject to
tax at the rate of 100% as income from prohibited transactions.
Accordingly, where we intend to sell the securities created by
that process, we expect that we will engage in the
securitization through one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries,
which will not be subject to this 100% tax. We also may
securitize such mortgage-related assets through the issuance of
non-REMIC CMOs, whereby we retain an equity interest in the
mortgage-backed assets used as collateral in the securitization
transaction. The issuance of any such instruments could result
in a portion of our assets being classified as a taxable
mortgage pool, which would be treated as a separate corporation
for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which in turn could
jeopardize our status as a REIT. We intend to structure our
securitizations in a manner that would not result in the
creation of a taxable mortgage pool.
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Annual Distribution Requirements
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to
distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our
stockholders in an amount at least equal to:
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90% of our REIT taxable net income, plus |
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90% of our after tax net income, if any, from foreclosure
property, minus |
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the excess of the sum of specified items of our non-cash income
items over 5% of REIT taxable net income, as described below. |
For purposes of these distribution requirements, our REIT
taxable net income is computed without regard to the dividends
paid deduction and net capital gain. In addition, for purposes
of this test, the specified items of non-cash income include
income attributable to leveled stepped rents, certain original
issue discount, certain like-kind exchanges that are later
determined to be taxable and income from cancellation of
indebtedness. In addition, if we disposed of any asset we
acquired from a corporation which is or has been a C corporation
in a transaction in which our basis in the asset is determined
by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of that C
corporation and we did not elect to recognize gain currently in
connection with the acquisition of such asset, we would be
required to distribute at least 90% of the after-tax gain, if
any, we recognize on a disposition of the asset within the
10-year period
following our acquisition of such asset, to the extent that such
gain does not exceed the excess of:
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the fair market value of the asset on the date we acquired the
asset, over |
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our adjusted basis in the asset on the date we acquired the
asset. |
Only distributions that qualify for the dividends paid
deduction available to REITs under the Internal Revenue
Code are counted in determining whether the distribution
requirements are satisfied. We must make these distributions in
the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following
taxable year if they are declared before we timely file our tax
return for that year, paid on or before the first regular
dividend payment following the declaration and we elect on our
tax return to have a specified dollar amount of such
distributions treated as if paid in the prior year. For these
and other purposes, dividends declared by us in October,
November or December of one taxable year and payable to a
stockholder of record on a specific date in any such month shall
be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder
during such taxable year, provided that the dividend is actually
paid by us by January 31 of the following taxable year.
In addition, dividends distributed by us must not be
preferential. If a dividend is preferential, it will not qualify
for the dividends paid deduction. To avoid being preferential,
every stockholder of the class of stock to which a distribution
is made must be treated the same as every other stockholder of
that class, and no class of stock may be treated other than
according to its dividend rights as a class.
To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital
gain, or we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our
REIT taxable net income, as adjusted, we will be required to pay
tax on this undistributed income at regular ordinary and capital
gain corporate tax rates. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute
during each calendar year (or, in the case of distributions with
declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of
the calendar year, by the end of the January immediately
following such year) at least the sum of (1) 85% of our
REIT ordinary income for such year, (2) 95% of our REIT
capital gain income for such year, and (3) any
undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will be
subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such
required distribution over the amounts actually distributed. We
intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the
annual distribution requirements.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to rectify a failure
to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying
deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later
year, which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid
for the earlier year. Although we may be able to avoid being
taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will be
required to pay to the IRS interest based upon the amount of any
deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
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Failure to Qualify as a REIT
If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable
year, and the relief provisions of the Internal Revenue Code do
not apply, we will be required to pay taxes, including any
applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income in
that taxable year at regular corporate rates. Distributions to
our stockholders in any year in which we fail to qualify as a
REIT will not be deductible by us and we will not be required to
distribute any amounts to our stockholders. As a result, we
anticipate that our failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce
the cash available for distribution to our stockholders. In
addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, all distributions to
our stockholders will be taxable at ordinary income rates to the
extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. In
this event, corporate distributees may be eligible for the
dividends-received deduction. Unless entitled to relief under
specific statutory provisions, we will also be disqualified from
taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year
in which we lose our qualification.
Specified cure provisions will be available to us in the event
we violate a provision of the Internal Revenue Code that would
result in our failure to qualify as a REIT. If we are entitled
to avail ourselves of certain relief provisions, we will
maintain our qualification as a REIT but may be subject to
certain penalty taxes as described above. We may not, however,
be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all
circumstances. If these relief provisions do not apply to a
particular set of circumstances, we will not qualify as a REIT.
Taxation of Taxable United States Stockholders
For purposes of the discussion in this prospectus, the term
United States stockholder means a beneficial holder
of our stock that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
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a citizen or resident of the United States (as determined for
U.S. federal income tax purposes); |
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a corporation, partnership, or other entity created or organized
in or under the laws of the United States or of any state
thereof or in the District of Columbia, unless Treasury
regulations provide otherwise; |
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an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal
income taxation regardless of its source; or |
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a trust whose administration is subject to the primary
supervision of a U.S. court and that has one or more
U.S. persons who have the authority to control all
substantial decisions of the trust. |
Distributions Generally
Distributions out of our current or accumulated earnings and
profits, other than capital gain dividends, will be taxable to
United States stockholders as ordinary income. Such REIT
dividends generally are ineligible for the new reduced tax rate
(with a maximum of 15%) for corporate dividends received by
individuals, trusts and estates in years 2003 through 2008.
However, such rate will apply to the extent that we make
distributions attributable to amounts, if any, we receive as
dividends from non-REIT corporations or to the extent that we
make distributions attributable to the sum of (i) the
excess of our REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gains)
for the preceding year over the tax paid on such income, and
(ii) the excess of our income subject to the built-in gain
tax over the tax payable by us on such income. Provided that we
qualify as a REIT, dividends paid by us will not be eligible for
the dividends received deduction generally available to
United States stockholders that are corporations. To the
extent that we make distributions in excess of current and
accumulated earnings and profits, the distributions will be
treated as a tax-free return of capital to each
United States stockholder, and will reduce the adjusted tax
basis that each United States stockholder has in our stock by
the amount of the distribution, but not below zero.
Distributions in excess of a United States stockholders
adjusted tax basis in our stock will be taxable as capital gain,
and will be taxable as long-term capital gain if the stock has
been held for more than one year. The calculation of the amount
of distributions that are applied against or exceed adjusted tax
basis are made on a share-by-share basis. To the extent that we
make distributions, if any, that are attributable to excess
inclusion income, such amounts may not be offset by net
operating losses of a United States stockholder. If we declare a
dividend in October, November, or December of any calendar year
that is payable to stockholders of record on a specified date in
such a month and actually pay the dividend during January of the
following calendar year, the dividend is deemed to be paid
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by us and received by the stockholder on December 31st of
the year preceding the year of payment. Stockholders may not
include in their own income tax returns any of our net operating
losses or capital losses.
Capital Gain Distributions
Distributions designated by us as capital gain dividends will be
taxable to United States stockholders as capital gain income. We
can designate distributions as capital gain dividends to the
extent of our net capital gain for the taxable year of the
distribution. For tax years prior to 2009, this capital gain
income will generally be taxable to non-corporate United States
stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate based on the characteristics
of the asset we sold that produced the gain. United States
stockholders that are corporations may be required to treat up
to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.
Retention of Net Capital Gains
We may elect to retain, rather than distribute as a capital gain
dividend, our net capital gains. If we were to make this
election, we would pay tax on such retained capital gains. In
such a case, our stockholders would generally:
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include their proportionate share of our undistributed net
capital gains in their taxable income; |
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receive a credit for their proportionate share of the tax paid
by us in respect of such net capital gains; and |
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increase the adjusted basis of their stock by the difference
between the amount of their share of our undistributed net
capital gains and their share of the tax paid by us. |
Passive Activity Losses, Investment Interest Limitations and
Other Considerations of Holding Our Stock
Distributions we make, undistributed net capital gain includible
in income and gains arising from the sale or exchange of our
stock by a United States stockholder will not be treated as
passive activity income. As a result, United States stockholders
will not be able to apply any passive losses against
income or gains relating to our stock. Distributions by us, to
the extent they do not constitute a return of capital, and
undistributed net capital gain includible in our
stockholders income, generally will be treated as
investment income for purposes of computing the investment
interest limitation under the Internal Revenue Code, provided
the proper election is made.
If we, or a portion of our assets, were to be treated as a
taxable mortgage pool, or if we were to acquire REMIC residual
interests, our stockholders (other than certain thrift
institutions) may not be permitted to offset certain portions of
the dividend income they derive from our shares with their
current deductions or net operating loss carryovers or
carrybacks. The portion of a stockholders dividends that
will be subject to this limitation will equal the allocable
share of our excess inclusion income.
Dispositions of Stock
A United States stockholder that sells or disposes of our stock
will recognize gain or loss for federal income tax purposes in
an amount equal to the difference between the amount of cash or
the fair market value of any property the stockholder receives
on the sale or other disposition and the stockholders
adjusted tax basis in our stock. This gain or loss generally
will be capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain
or loss if the stockholder has held the stock for more than one
year. However, any loss recognized by a United States
stockholder upon the sale or other disposition of our stock that
the stockholder has held for six months or less will be treated
as long-term capital loss to the extent the stockholder received
distributions from us that were required to be treated as
long-term capital gains. For tax years prior to 2009, capital
gain of an individual United States stockholder is generally
taxed at a maximum rate of 15% where the property is held for
more than one year. The deductibility of capital loss is limited.
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Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
We report to our United States stockholders and the IRS the
amount of dividends paid during each calendar year, along with
the amount of any tax withheld. Under the backup withholding
rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding with
respect to dividends paid and redemption proceeds unless the
holder is a corporation or comes within other exempt categories
and, when required, demonstrates this fact, or provides a
taxpayer identification number or social security number,
certifying as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding,
and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the
backup withholding rules. A United States stockholder that does
not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number
or social security number may also be subject to penalties
imposed by the IRS. A United States stockholder can meet this
requirement by providing us with a correct, properly completed
and executed copy of IRS
Form W-9 or a
substantially similar form. Backup withholding is not an
additional tax. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be
creditable against the stockholders income tax liability,
if any, and otherwise be refundable, provided the proper forms
are filed on a timely basis. In addition, we may be required to
withhold a portion of capital gain distributions made to any
stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status. The
backup withholding tax rate currently is 28%.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
The IRS has ruled that amounts distributed as a dividend by a
REIT will be treated as a dividend by the recipient and excluded
from the calculation of unrelated business taxable income when
received by a tax-exempt entity. Based on that ruling, provided
that a tax-exempt stockholder has not held our stock as
debt financed property within the meaning of the
Internal Revenue Code, i.e., property the acquisition or holding
of which is, or is treated as, financed through a borrowing by
the tax-exempt United States stockholder, the stock is not
otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business, and we do not
hold an asset that gives rise to excess inclusion
income, as defined in Section 860E of the Internal Revenue
Code, dividend income on our stock and income from the sale of
our stock should not be unrelated business taxable income to a
tax-exempt stockholder. However, if we were to hold residual
interests in a REMIC, or if we or a pool of our assets were to
be treated as a taxable mortgage pool, a portion of the
dividends paid to a tax-exempt stockholder may be subject to tax
as unrelated business taxable income. Although we do not believe
that we, or any portion of our assets, will be treated as a
taxable mortgage pool, we cannot assure you that the IRS might
not successfully maintain that such a taxable mortgage pool
exists.
For tax-exempt stockholders that are social clubs, voluntary
employees beneficiary associations, supplemental
unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services
plans exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under
Sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the
Internal Revenue Code, respectively, income from an investment
in our stock will constitute unrelated business taxable income
unless the organization is able to properly claim a deduction
for amounts set aside or placed in reserve for certain purposes
so as to offset the income generated by its investment in our
stock. Any prospective investors should consult their tax
advisors concerning these set aside and reserve
requirements.
Notwithstanding the above, however, a substantial portion of the
dividends received with respect to our stock may constitute
unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, if we are treated as
a pension-held REIT and you are a pension trust that:
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is described in Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue
Code; and |
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holds more than 10%, by value, of our equity interests. |
Tax-exempt pension funds that are described in
Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and exempt from
tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code are
referred to below as qualified trusts.
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A REIT is a pension-held REIT if:
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it would not have qualified as a REIT but for the fact that
Section 856(h)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code provides
that stock owned by a qualified trust shall be treated, for
purposes of the 5/50 rule, described above, as owned by the
beneficiaries of the trust, rather than by the trust
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either at least one qualified trust holds more than 25%, by
value, of the interests in the REIT, or one or more qualified
trusts, each of which owns more than 10%, by value, of the
interests in the REIT, holds in the aggregate more than 50%, by
value, of the interests in the REIT. |
The percentage of any REIT dividends treated as UBTI under these
rules is equal to the ratio of:
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the UBTI earned by the REIT, less directly related expenses,
treating the REIT as if it were a qualified trust and therefore
subject to tax on UBTI, to |
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the total gross income, less directly related expenses, of the
REIT. |
A de minimis exception applies where this percentage is less
than 5% for any year. As a result of the limitations on the
transfer and ownership of stock contained in our charter, we do
not expect to be classified as a pension-held REIT.
Taxation of Non-United States Stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of
non-United States stockholders are complex and no attempt will
be made herein to provide more than a summary of these rules.
Beneficial owners of shares of our stock that are not United
States stockholders (as such term is defined in the discussion
above under the heading entitled Taxation of Taxable
United States Stockholders) are referred to herein as
non-United States stockholders.
PROSPECTIVE
NON-U.S. STOCKHOLDERS
SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF
FOREIGN, FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL INCOME TAX LAWS WITH REGARD
TO AN INVESTMENT IN OUR STOCK AND OF OUR ELECTION TO BE TAXED AS
A REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST, INCLUDING ANY REPORTING
REQUIREMENTS.
Distributions of Operating Income. Distributions to
non-United States stockholders that are not attributable to gain
from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests
and that are not designated by us as capital gain dividends or
retained capital gains, which we refer to as ordinary
income distributions will be treated as dividends of
ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of our
current or accumulated earnings and profits. These distributions
will generally be subject to a withholding tax equal to 30% of
the distribution unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or
eliminates that tax. However, if income from an investment in
our stock is treated as effectively connected with the
non-United States stockholders conduct of a
U.S. trade or business (or, if an income tax treaty
applies, is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment
of the non-United States stockholder), the non-United States
stockholder generally will be subject to federal income tax at
graduated rates in the same manner as United States stockholders
are taxed with respect to those distributions, and also may be
subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a
non-United States stockholder that is a corporation, unless a
treaty reduces or eliminates these taxes. We expect to withhold
tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any ordinary
income distributions made to a non-United States stockholder
unless:
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a lower treaty rate applies and any required form, for example
IRS Form W-8BEN, evidencing eligibility for that reduced
rate is filed by the non-United States stockholder with
us; or |
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the non-United States stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI
with us claiming that the distribution is effectively connected
income. |
Any portion of the dividends paid to non-United States
stockholders that is treated as excess inclusion
income, as defined in Section 860E of the Internal Revenue
Code, will not be eligible for exemption from the 30%
withholding tax or a reduced treaty rate.
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Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings
and profits that are not treated as attributable to the gain
from our disposition of a U.S. real property interest will
not be taxable to non-United States stockholders to the extent
that these distributions do not exceed the adjusted basis of the
stockholders stock, but rather will reduce the adjusted
basis of that stock. To the extent that distributions in excess
of our current and accumulated earnings and profits exceed the
adjusted basis of a non-United States stockholders stock,
these distributions will give rise to tax liability if the
non-United States stockholder would otherwise be subject to tax
on any gain from the sale or disposition of its stock, as
described below. Because it generally cannot be determined at
the time a distribution is made whether or not such distribution
may be in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and
profits, the entire amount of any ordinary income distribution
normally will be subject to withholding at the same rate as a
dividend. However, amounts so withheld are creditable against
U.S. tax liability, if any, or refundable by the IRS to the
extent the distribution is subsequently determined to be in
excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits and
the proper forms are filed with the IRS by the stockholder on a
timely basis. We are also required to withhold 10% of any
distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings
and profits if our stock is a U.S. real property interest
because we are not a domestically controlled REIT, as discussed
below. Consequently, although we intend to withhold at a rate of
30% on the entire amount of any ordinary income distribution, to
the extent that we do not do so, any portion of an ordinary
income distribution not subject to withholding at a rate of 30%
may be subject to withholding at a rate of 10%.
Capital Gains Distributions. Distributions attributable
to our capital gains that are not attributable to gain from the
sale or exchange of a U.S. real property interest generally
will not be subject to income taxation, unless
(1) investment in our stock is effectively connected with
the non-United States stockholders U.S. trade or
business (or, if an income tax treaty applies, is attributable
to a U.S. permanent establishment of the non-United States
stockholder), in which case the non-United States stockholder
will be subject to the same treatment as United States
stockholders with respect to such gain (and a corporate
non-United States stockholder may also be subject to the 30%
branch profits tax), or (2) the non-United States
stockholder is a non-resident alien individual who is present in
the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year
and certain other conditions are satisfied, in which case the
non-resident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on
the individuals net capital gains.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, distributions that
are attributable to gain from the sale or exchange of a
U.S. real property interest, which includes some interests
in real property, but generally does not include an interest
solely as a creditor in mortgage loans or mortgage-backed
securities, will be taxed to a non-United States stockholder
under the provisions of the Foreign Investment in Real Property
Tax Act, or FIRPTA. Under FIRPTA, distributions attributable to
gain from sales of U.S. real property interests are taxed
to a non-United States stockholder as if that gain were
effectively connected with the stockholders conduct of a
U.S. trade or business. Non-United States stockholders thus
would be taxed at the normal capital gain rates applicable to
United States stockholders, subject to applicable alternative
minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of
nonresident alien individuals. Distributions subject to FIRPTA
also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the hands
of a
non-U.S. corporate
stockholder. We are required to withhold 35% of any distribution
paid to a non-United States stockholder that we designate (or,
if greater, the amount that we could designate) as a capital
gains dividend. The amount withheld is creditable against the
non-United States stockholders FIRPTA tax liability,
provided the proper forms are filed by the stockholder on a
timely basis.
Pursuant to the Jobs Act, any capital gain dividend with respect
to any class of stock that is regularly traded on an established
securities market located in the United States is not subject to
FIRPTA, and therefore, not subject to the 35%
U.S. withholding tax, if the non-United States stockholder
did not own more than 5% of such class of stock at any time
during the taxable year. Instead, any such capital gain dividend
will be treated as an ordinary dividend distribution generally
subject to withholding at a rate of 30% unless otherwise reduced
or eliminated by an applicable income tax treaty.
Gains on the Sale of Our Stock. Gains recognized by a
non-United States stockholder upon a sale of our stock generally
will not be taxed under FIRPTA if we are a domestically
controlled REIT, which is a REIT in which at all times during a
specified testing period less than 50% in value of the stock was
held directly or
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indirectly by non-United States stockholders. Because our stock
is publicly traded/widely held, we cannot assure our investors
that we are or will remain a domestically controlled REIT. Even
if we are not a domestically controlled REIT, however, a
non-United States stockholder that owns, actually or
constructively, 5% or less of our stock throughout a specified
testing period will not recognize taxable gain on the sale of
our stock under FIRPTA as long as our shares are traded on the
New York Stock Exchange.
If gain from the sale of our stock were subject to taxation
under FIRPTA, the non-United States stockholder would be subject
to the same treatment as United States stockholders with respect
to that gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax, a
special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien
individuals, and the possible application of the 30% branch
profits tax in the case of
non-U.S. corporations.
In addition, the purchaser of the stock could be required to
withhold 10% of the purchase price and remit such amount to the
IRS on behalf of the non-United States stockholder.
Gains not subject to FIRPTA will be taxable to a non-United
States stockholder if the non-United States stockholders
investment in our stock is effectively connected with a trade or
business in the U.S. (or, if an income tax treaty applies,
is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment of the
non-United States stockholder), in which case the non-United
States stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as
United States stockholders with respect to that gain; or
the non-United States stockholder is a nonresident alien
individual who was present in the U.S. for 183 days or
more during the taxable year and other conditions are met, in
which case the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a
30% tax on the individuals capital gains.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding for Non-United
States Stockholders
If the proceeds of a disposition of our stock are paid by or
through a U.S. office of a broker-dealer, the payment is
generally subject to information reporting and to backup
withholding (currently at a rate of 28%) unless the disposing
non-United States stockholder certifies as to his name, address
and
non-U.S. status or
otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally,
U.S. information reporting and backup withholding will not
apply to a payment of disposition proceeds if the payment is
made outside the U.S. through a foreign office of a foreign
broker-dealer. If the proceeds from a disposition of our stock
are paid to or through a foreign office of a
U.S. broker-dealer or a
non-U.S. office of
a foreign broker-dealer that is (1) a controlled
foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, (2) a foreign person 50% or more of whose gross
income from all sources for a three-year period was effectively
connected with a U.S. trade or business, (3) a foreign
partnership with one or more partners who are U.S. persons
and who in the aggregate hold more than 50% of the income or
capital interest in the partnership, or (4) a foreign
partnership engaged in the conduct of a trade or business in the
U.S., then (a) backup withholding will not apply unless the
broker-dealer has actual knowledge that the owner is not a
foreign stockholder, and (b) information reporting will not
apply if the non-United States stockholder satisfies
certification requirements regarding its status as a foreign
stockholder. Other information reporting rules apply to
non-United States stockholders, and prospective non-United
States stockholders should consult their own tax advisors
regarding these requirements.
Possible Legislative or Other Action Affecting Tax
Consequences
You should recognize that the present U.S. federal income
tax treatment of an investment in us may be modified by
legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time and
that any such action may affect investments and commitments
previously made. The rules dealing with U.S. federal income
taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the
legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the
Treasury Department, resulting in revisions of regulations and
revised interpretations of established concepts as well as
statutory changes. Revisions in federal tax laws and
interpretations thereof could affect the tax consequences of an
investment in us.
State, Local and Foreign Taxation
We may be required to pay state, local and foreign taxes in
various state, local and foreign jurisdictions, including those
in which we transact business or make investments, and our
stockholders may be required to
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pay state, local and foreign taxes in various state, local and
foreign jurisdictions, including those in which they reside. Our
state, local and foreign tax treatment may not conform to the
federal income tax consequences summarized above. In addition, a
stockholders state, local and foreign tax treatment may
not conform to the federal income tax consequences summarized
above. Consequently, prospective investors should consult their
tax advisors regarding the effect of state, local and foreign
tax laws on an investment in our stock.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus
and any accompanying prospectus supplement to or through one or
more underwriters or dealers or we may sell these securities to
investors directly or through agents. Each prospectus
supplement, to the extent applicable, will describe the number
and terms of the securities to which such prospectus supplement
relates, the name or names of any underwriters or agents with
whom we have entered into arrangements with respect to the sale
of such securities, the public offering or purchase price of
such securities and the net proceeds we will receive from such
sale. Any underwriter or agent involved in the offer and sale of
our securities will be named in the applicable prospectus
supplement. Underwriters and agents in any distribution
contemplated hereby, including but not limited to at the
market equity offerings, may from time to time include
Bear, Stearns & Co., Inc., Cantor Fitzgerald &
Co. and JMP Securities LLC.
Underwriters may offer and sell the securities at a fixed price
or prices, which may be changed, at market prices prevailing at
the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market
prices or at negotiated prices. We also may, from time to time,
authorize dealers or agents to offer and sell any of these
securities on the terms and conditions described in the
applicable prospectus supplement. In connection with the sale of
any of these securities, underwriters may receive compensation
from us in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions and
may also receive commissions from purchasers of the securities
for whom they may act as agent. Underwriters may sell these
securities to or through dealers, and such dealers may receive
compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or
commissions from the underwriters or commissions from the
purchasers for which they may act as agents.
Securities may also be sold in one or more of the following
transactions: (a) block transactions (which may involve
crosses) in which a broker-dealer may sell all or a portion of
the securities as agent but may position and resell all or a
portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction;
(b) purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by
the broker-dealer for its own account pursuant to a prospectus
supplement; (c) a special offering, an exchange
distribution or a secondary distribution in accordance with
applicable NYSE or other stock exchange rules; (d) ordinary
brokerage transactions and transactions in which a broker-dealer
solicits purchasers; (e) sales of shares at the
market to or through a market maker or into an existing
trading market, on an exchange or otherwise; and (f) sales
in other ways not involving market makers or established trading
markets, including direct sales to purchasers. Broker-dealers
may also receive compensation from purchasers of these
securities that is not expected to exceed customary compensation
in the types of transactions involved.
Any underwriting compensation paid by us to underwriters or
agents in connection with the offering of these securities, and
any discounts or concessions or commissions allowed by
underwriters to participating dealers, will be set forth in the
applicable prospectus supplement. Dealers and agents
participating in the distribution of these securities may be
deemed to be underwriters and any discounts and commissions
received by them and any profit realized by them on resale of
the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and
commissions.
Underwriters, dealers and agents may be entitled, under
agreements entered into with us, to indemnification against and
contribution toward certain civil liabilities, including
liabilities under the Securities Act. Unless otherwise set forth
in the accompanying prospectus supplement, the obligations of
any underwriters to purchase any of these securities will be
subject to certain conditions precedent.
In connection with the offering of the securities described in
this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement,
certain underwriters, and selling group members and their
respective affiliates, may
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engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise
affect the market price of the securities being offered. These
transactions may include stabilization transactions effected in
accordance with Rule 104 of Regulation M promulgated
by the SEC pursuant to which these persons may bid for or
purchase securities for the purpose of stabilizing their market
price.
The underwriters in an offering of these securities may also
create a short position for their account by selling
more securities in connection with the offering than they are
committed to purchase from us. In that case, the underwriters
could cover all or a portion of the short position by either
purchasing the securities in the open market following
completion of the offering or by exercising any over-allotment
option granted to them by us. In addition, the managing
underwriter may impose penalty bids under
contractual arrangements with other underwriters, which means
that they can reclaim from an underwriter (or any selling group
member participating in the offering) for the account of the
other underwriters, the selling concession for the securities
that are distributed in the offering but subsequently purchased
for the account of the underwriters in the open market. Any of
the transactions described in this paragraph or comparable
transactions that are described in any applicable prospectus
supplement may result in the maintenance of the price of our
securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail
in the open market. None of the transactions described in this
paragraph or in any applicable prospectus supplement are
required to be taken by any underwriters and, if they are
undertaken, may be discontinued at any time.
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol
LUM. Our preferred stock will be new issues of
securities with no established trading market and may or may not
be listed on a national securities exchange. Any underwriters or
agents to or through which securities are sold by us may make a
market in our securities, but these underwriters or agents will
not be obligated to do so and any of them may discontinue any
market making at any time without notice. No assurance can be
given as to the liquidity of or trading market for any of our
securities, including our common stock.
Underwriters, dealers and agents may engage in transactions
with, or perform services for, us and our affiliates in the
ordinary course of business. Underwriters have from time to time
in the past provided, and may from time to time in the future
provide, investment banking services to us for which they have
in the past received, and may in the future receive, customary
fees.
There can be no assurance that we will sell any or all of the
securities offered by this prospectus.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be
passed upon for us by our counsel, Duane Morris LLP,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The validity of securities to be
sold in this offering and certain other matters of Maryland law
will be passed upon for us by Ballard Spahr Andrews &
Ingersoll, LLP, Baltimore, Maryland. Duane Morris LLP may rely
on Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP as to matters
of Maryland law.
EXPERTS
The financial statements incorporated in this prospectus by
reference from our Annual Report on
Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 2003 have been audited by
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public
accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is
incorporated herein by reference, and have been so incorporated
in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their
authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION/ INCORPORATION BY
REFERENCE
We file annual, quarterly and other periodic reports, proxy
statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and
copy any document we file at the SECs public reference
room at 450 Fifth Street, N.W. Room 1024, Washington,
DC 20549. You may call the SEC at
1-800-SEC-0330 for more
information
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about the public reference room. Our SEC filings are also
available over the internet at the SECs website at
www.sec.gov.
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference the
information or documents we file with the SEC, which means:
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documents incorporated by reference are considered part of this
prospectus; |
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we can disclose important information to you by referring to
those documents; and |
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information that we file with the SEC will automatically update
and supersede this prospectus. |
The information incorporated by reference is considered to be
part of this prospectus and should be read with the same care as
this prospectus.
We are incorporating by reference the documents listed below
that we filed with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 under our file number which is 001-31828:
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Our Annual Report on
Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 2003; |
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Our Quarterly Reports on
Form 10-Q for the
fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2004, June 30, 2004
and September 30, 2004; |
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Our Current Reports on
Form 8-K filed
with the SEC on January 26, 2004, April 26, 2004,
August 9, 2004, November 9, 2004; and
December 28, 2004, |
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Our definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on
April 19, 2004; and |
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The description of our common stock contained in our
registration statement on
Form 8-A filed on
October 16, 2003, including all amendments and reports
filed for the purpose of updating such description. |
We also incorporate by reference each of the following documents
that we will file with the SEC after the date of this prospectus
but before the end of the offering:
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Reports filed under Sections 13(a) and (c) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934; |
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Definitive proxy or information statements filed under
Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in
connection with future meetings of our stockholders; and |
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Any reports filed under Section 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. |
You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by
contacting us at Investor Relations at 909 Montgomery
Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, California 94133.
Our telephone number
is (415) 486-2110
and our website address is www.luminentcapital.com.
You should only rely on the information incorporated by
reference or provided in this prospectus or any supplement. We
have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different
information. We will not make an offer of any of our securities
in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not
assume that the information in this prospectus or any supplement
is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of
those documents.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on
Form S-3 we filed
with the SEC (Registration
No. 333-121816).
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